Question 1

Which of the following needs is NOT called a basic human need by self-determination theory?

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory identifies autonomy, competence, and relatedness as three basic psychological needs that are essential for human growth, development, and well-being. However, symbolic immortality, which refers to the desire to leave a lasting legacy or be remembered after one's death, is not considered a basic human need according to this theory.

Question 2

Francine walks into her first social psychology exam with the goal of doing well in her social psychology course. As she begins to fill in the multiple-choice options on the exam, she realizes that her pencil tip keeps breaking and she is not able to successfully fill out the Scantron. Based on research, how is Francine thinking about her actions in the middle of the exam?

Accepted Answer

Francine's immediate focus is on the task at hand, which is bubbling in answers on the answer sheet, as her pencil keeps breaking and preventing her from doing so.

Question 3

If you are performing an action now instead of next year, how do you tend to think about that action?

Accepted Answer

When considering an action that needs to be performed in the near future, individuals tend to think in more concrete and practical terms rather than high-level abstract concepts.

Question 4

A general "sense of life" which sets the stage for more specific affective reactions is referred to as a:

Accepted Answer

A general "sense of life" is not necessarily an emotion, but more of a background feeling or mood that influences specific affective reactions. Therefore, it is best described as a background emotion. Primary appraisal refers to initial evaluations of a situation and whether it is relevant to one's goals; primary emotions are basic emotions such as happiness or fear; and secondary emotions are emotions that arise in response to primary emotions or social evaluations, such as guilt or embarrassment.

Question 5

Which of the following aspects of human behavior is the most evolutionarily unique?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following aspects of human...

Question 6

Which of the following emotions is NOT a social emotion?

Accepted Answer

Surprise is not considered a social emotion as it does not involve a specific social situation or interaction. It is a more basic and universal emotion that can occur in response to a variety of stimuli. Sympathy, guilt, and pride, on the other hand, are all social emotions that involve how we feel about ourselves in relation to others.

Question 7

Taufik was raised in a traditional Islamic family in Indonesia. However, ever since he met a North American missionary in his youth, he has dreamed of traveling to the United States and becoming a Christian. Eventually, an opportunity arises for Taufik to leave; however, he decides to remain with his family and to stick to his religious background. According to Rank's theory of fundamental psychological motivations, Taufik has prioritized his motive for:

Accepted Answer

Taufik's decision to remain with his family and religious background suggests that he prioritizes his motive for security, as he values the sense of belonging and identity provided by his traditional Islamic upbringing over the uncertainty and potential challenges of converting to Christianity and moving to the United States.

Question 8

Sarah has always had a desire to feel good about herself and her accomplishments. At this point in her life, Sarah is studying to pass the bar exam in her state. If she passes the exam, Sarah will feel very proud of herself. In this example, one could say that Sarah has a _____ to feel good about herself, and a _____ to pass the bar.

Accepted Answer

Sarah has a need to feel good about herself, as indicated by her desire to feel proud of her accomplishments. She also has a specific goal to pass the bar exam in order to achieve this need. Therefore, the best choice is B, where "need" represents her general desire and "goal" represents her specific objective.

Question 9

A researcher is interested in determining whether there is a social function to sadness. Which of the following study designs might BEST determine if this is the case?

Accepted Answer

The most appropriate study design would be to observe participants' facial expressions when exposed to sad news, and whether these facial expressions change depending on whether they are alone or in a social setting. This would allow the researcher to determine whether there is a social function to sadness. Choices B, C, and D do not directly address the research question and are less likely to provide insight into the social function of sadness.

Question 10

In Rank's conception of the two fundamental psychological motives, _____ can be thought of as a form of approach motivation, and _____ can be thought of as a form of avoidance motivation.

Accepted Answer

Rank's two fundamental motives are growth (the desire to develop, improve, and strive for excellence) and security (the need for safety, stability, and predictability). Growth can be seen as a form of approach motivation because it involves moving towards something desired, while security can be viewed as a form of avoidance motivation because it involves avoiding potential threats or dangers. Hedonism and sexuality do not correspond directly to Rank's conceptualization of psychological motives.

Question 11

As we move down the hierarchy of goals, goals become increasingly _____; as we move up the hierarchy of goals, they become increasingly _____.

Accepted Answer

As we move down the hierarchy of goals, goals become increasingly concrete because they are more specific and focused on immediate achievements. As we move up the hierarchy of goals, they become increasingly abstract because they are more general and focused on long-term aspirations.

Question 12

The process of expending energy to achieve or avoid a particular outcome is generally referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The process of expending energy to achieve or avoid a particular outcome is usually associated with the concept of motivation, which encompasses the various factors that drive an individual's behavior or actions.

Question 13

The idea that specific emotional experiences are shaped by a two-step process-initial general arousal and general perception of harm versus benefit followed by the influence of higher-order cognitive processes-is called:

Accepted Answer

The two-step process outlined in the question is the fundamental idea of cognitive appraisal theory. Choice A, action identification theory, is a separate theory that focuses on the identification and labeling of actions. Choice B, the secondary appraisal process, is a specific aspect of cognitive appraisal theory that involves assessing the resources available to cope with a situation. Choice D, two-system cognition theory, refers to a broader theory that identifies two cognitive systems involved in decision making.

Question 14

Research suggests that positive emotions are associated with _____ motivation, while negative emotions are associated with _____ motivation.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that positive emotions are associated with approach motivation, while negative emotions are associated with avoidance motivation. Positive emotions like joy and excitement encourage individuals to seek new experiences and opportunities for personal growth, while negative emotions like fear and anxiety prompt individuals to avoid threats and potential harm. This is known as the "hedonic principle," which states that individuals are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. The approach-avoidance dichotomy is also related to self-regulation, where approach motivation leads to more conscious and effortful control, while avoidance motivation leads to more automatic and impulsive responses.

Question 15

Jamal is trying to learn how to juggle. He is doing this because tomorrow a casting company is holding an audition for a commercial in which the lead actor needs to juggle to play the part. Jamal hopes to appear in the commercial so that he will be noticed by a film director and get a chance to fulfill his dream of acting. In this example, what is Jamal's attempt to learn to juggle?

Accepted Answer

Jamal's attempt to learn to juggle is a concrete goal because it is a specific and measurable objective that he can work towards in order to achieve his larger goal of becoming an actor.

Question 16

What was the term Rank used to describe how people develop unique personalities as a function of their growth motivation?

Accepted Answer

Rank used the term "individuation" to describe how people develop unique personalities as a function of their growth motivation.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the universality of basic emotions?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not directly related to the universality of basic emotions. While it is true that cultural differences can influence how emotions are expressed and experienced, this does not contradict the idea that there are certain basic emotions that are recognized universally. The other options (A, C, and D) are all evidence that supports the universality of basic emotions.

Question 18

Which of the following consequences does NOT typically follow from experiencing a social emotion?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing a social emotion does not typically lead to avoiding particular objects in the environment. The other consequences listed (paying closer attention to inappropriate behavior, maintaining appropriate behavior, and repairing disrupted relationships) are all common outcomes of social emotions.

Question 19

Damasio's theory distinguishes between which kinds of emotions?

Accepted Answer

Damasio's theory distinguishes between background emotions (which are largely unconscious and maintain basic homeostasis), primary emotions (which are brief and instinctual responses to perceived stimuli that are universally recognized), and secondary emotions (which are complex reactions to stimuli that are learned and culturally shaped).

Question 20

Action identification theory suggests that as a person experiences difficulty completing a task, that person will tend to reconceptualize their activity in more _____ terms.

Accepted Answer

Action identification theory posits that when individuals encounter challenges in performing a task, they are more likely to think about the task in simpler, more specific terms, which is described as thinking in more concrete terms. This helps in focusing on immediate, actionable steps rather than abstract concepts or broader goals.

Quiz 2: Fundamentals of Social Behavior