Question 1

Which researcher conducted studies of obedience that suggested ordinary people would do things they knew would cause harm to others simply because they were told to do so?​
A) ​Zajonc
B) ​Milgram
C) ​Kohlberg
D) ​Zimbardo

Accepted Answer

Stanley Milgram conducted studies of obedience that showed that ordinary people would follow orders from an authority figure even if it meant harming another person. His famous experiment involved participants administering what they believed were dangerous electric shocks to a "learner" in another room simply because they were told to do so by an experimenter in a lab coat. Milgram's findings demonstrated the power of obedience to authority and the potential for individuals to commit acts of cruelty or harm under the right circumstances.

Question 2

Current standards do not require that participants in clinical trials be told that they might receive a placebo​

Accepted Answer

Current standards require that participants in clinical trials be informed if there is a chance they will receive a placebo. This is important for ethical and informed consent reasons.

Question 3

​The principle of "respect for persons" means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals

Accepted Answer

The principle of "respect for persons" does mean that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals. This principle is a key element of ethical decision-making in research and healthcare. It requires that individuals be treated with dignity and that their decision-making capacity be respected. This principle is closely linked with the concept of informed consent, which requires that individuals be fully informed about the research or treatment they are participating in and be free to make their own decisions about whether to participate.

Question 4

The principle of ____ means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals.​
A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Accepted Answer

Respect for persons is one of the four ethical principles in medical ethics, and it entails treating people as autonomous and independent individuals who are capable of making their own decisions about their health and medical care. This principle is expressed in the concept of informed consent, which requires that individuals be fully informed about the risks and benefits of a medical procedure before they can decide whether to agree to it or not. The principle of respect for persons also requires that individuals be treated with dignity, and that their privacy and confidentiality be respected.

Question 5

The 10 principles that were developed as a frame of reference for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians accused of atrocities became the ____.​
A) ​Nuremberg Code
B) ​Milgram Code
C) ​Belmont Report
D) ​Tuskegee Report

Accepted Answer

The 10 principles developed for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians were known as the Nuremberg Code, which emphasized the importance of informed consent, voluntary participation, and beneficence in human experimentation. The Milgram Code, Belmont Report, and Tuskegee Report are other ethical guidelines developed for medical research, but they are not directly related to the Nuremberg trials or the Nazi physicians' atrocities.

Question 6

The principle of ____ means that researchers should attempt to maximize the benefits of participation and take steps to identify and limit the potential for harm.​
A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence requires researchers to maximize the potential benefits of research while minimizing the potential for harm to research participants. This principle includes the responsibility to anticipate and respond to any potential risks or harms that may arise during the research process.

Question 7

In a Phase III study,a drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness,monitor side effects,compare it to commonly used treatments,and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely​

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately describes the purpose and goals of a Phase III study for a drug or treatment.

Question 8

​Even an accidental error in recording or analyzing data is considered misconduct.

Accepted Answer

Accidental errors in recording or analyzing data are not considered misconduct; misconduct involves intentional or reckless actions such as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.

Question 9

​The classic "obedience study" is believed to have been the first study in which the term ____ was used.
A) ​debriefing
B) ​placebo
C) ​control group
D) ​confederate

Accepted Answer

The term "debriefing" was first used in the context of psychological experiments in the classic "obedience study" by Stanley Milgram. After the experiment, participants were debriefed to alleviate any stress or negative emotions caused by the procedures.

Question 10

Milgram's famous study was inspired by the Nazi defense,"orders are orders."​

Accepted Answer

Milgram was motivated to investigate obedience to authority after hearing the Nazi defense of "only following orders" during the Nuremberg Trials.

Question 11

​The modern history of human-subject protections began at ____.
A) ​Nuremberg
B) ​Stanford
C) ​Belmont
D) ​Tuskegee

Accepted Answer

The modern history of human-subject protections began with the Nuremberg Code, which was established in response to the atrocities committed by Nazi scientists during World War II. The code established ethical principles that guide the conduct of research involving human subjects and emphasized the need for informed consent, voluntary participation, and avoiding harm to participants. Stanford and Belmont are both important landmarks in the development of human-subject protections, but they came later. The Tuskegee Study, meanwhile, is a notorious example of how human-subject protections can be violated, rather than a starting point for their development.

Question 12

Fundamentally,research ethics are about doing the right thing for all involved.​

Accepted Answer

Research ethics are concerned with making ethical decisions and actions that consider all parties involved, including participants, researchers, and the broader community. Ethical considerations are important in protecting the rights, safety, and well-being of all parties, and ensuring that research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner. Therefore, doing the right thing for all involved is a fundamental principle of research ethics.

Question 13

FDA inspector Frances Kelsey refused to approve an application with what she viewed as insufficient safety data,even under pressure from her superiors,and thus,prevented the Thalidomide tragedy from occurring in the United States.​

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Frances Kelsey, a FDA inspector, withheld approval of thalidomide due to insufficient safety data, preventing the tragic birth defects that occurred when the drug was approved in other countries.

Question 14

The principle of ____ means that participation should be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status.​
A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Accepted Answer

The principle of justice requires that participation in research be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status, such as economic or social class, race, gender, or age. The principle of respect for persons emphasizes protection of the rights and dignity of individuals involved in research, while beneficence requires that research benefits outweigh any potential risks, and non-maleficence requires that harm is not inflicted on participants. However, only justice directly addresses the issue of fairness in participant selection.

Question 15

The ____,passed in 1974,represents one of the first serious attempts to build a comprehensive system of research ethics in the United States.​
A) ​National Research Act
B) ​Declaration of Helsinki
C) ​Tuskegee Code
D) ​Kefauver-Harris Amendments

Accepted Answer

The National Research Act, passed in 1974, established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and laid the foundation for research ethics in the United States, specifically in the field of human subjects research. The other options listed are not as closely related to the establishment of research ethics in the US.

Question 16

After the Thalidomide tragedy,the ____ Amendments were passed,which requires drug manufacturers to prove the safety of their drugs before marketing them.​
A) ​Milgram
B) ​Belmont
C) ​Tuskegee
D) ​Kefauver-Harris

Accepted Answer

The Kefauver-Harris amendments were passed in response to the Thalidomide tragedy, which resulted in thousands of babies being born with birth defects. These amendments require drug manufacturers to prove the safety and effectiveness of their drugs before they can be marketed to the public. Specifically, they require drug companies to provide evidence of the drug's safety and effectiveness through clinical trials and other studies. The Milgram, Belmont, and Tuskegee amendments are not related to drug safety and were not passed in response to the Thalidomide tragedy.

Question 17

What did the 1980s activist poster that read "Stop Protecting Us to Death" refer to?​
A) ​The HIPAA's requirements to obtain patient data
B) ​The IRB's monitoring of compliance with research protocols
C) ​The FDA's cautious approach to approving new drugs
D) ​The NIH's lack of funding due to conflict of interest

Accepted Answer

The poster "Stop Protecting Us to Death" was referring to the FDA's cautious approach to approving new drugs in the 1980s. The poster criticized the regulatory agency for being too slow in approving life-saving drugs, arguing that the lengthy process was costing lives.

Question 18

In the United States,the Department of Health and Human Services has placed responsibility for managing conflicts of interest on investigators,IRBs,and institutions​

Accepted Answer

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has indeed placed the responsibility for managing conflicts of interest on investigators, IRBs (Institutional Review Boards), and institutions. This is in accordance with the regulations and guidelines set forth by HHS and other federal agencies that govern research involving human subjects. IRBs are responsible for reviewing research proposals and ensuring that the rights and welfare of human subjects are protected. Investigators are responsible for disclosing any potential conflicts of interest that may arise from their involvement in the research. Institutions are responsible for ensuring that their policies and procedures are in compliance with the regulations and guidelines for managing conflicts of interest in research.

Question 19

​At smaller universities,Institutional Review Boards typically review research using both humans and animals.

Accepted Answer

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) specifically review research involving human subjects to ensure ethical standards are met, while Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) review research involving animals.

Question 20

Assent means that a child has not stated any objections to participating in a research study.​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Assent means that a child has not...

Quiz 2: Ethics

Which researcher conducted studies of obedience that suggested ordinary people would do things they knew would cause harm to others simply because they were told to do so?​

Current standards do not require that participants in clinical trials be told that they might receive a placebo​

​The principle of "respect for persons" means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals

The principle of ____ means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals.​

The 10 principles that were developed as a frame of reference for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians accused of atrocities became the ____.​

The principle of ____ means that researchers should attempt to maximize the benefits of participation and take steps to identify and limit the potential for harm.​

In a Phase III study,a drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness,monitor side effects,compare it to commonly used treatments,and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely​

​Even an accidental error in recording or analyzing data is considered misconduct.

​The classic "obedience study" is believed to have been the first study in which the term ____ was used.

Milgram's famous study was inspired by the Nazi defense,"orders are orders."​

​The modern history of human-subject protections began at ____.

Fundamentally,research ethics are about doing the right thing for all involved.​

FDA inspector Frances Kelsey refused to approve an application with what she viewed as insufficient safety data,even under pressure from her superiors,and thus,prevented the Thalidomide tragedy from occurring in the United States.​

The principle of ____ means that participation should be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status.​

The ____,passed in 1974,represents one of the first serious attempts to build a comprehensive system of research ethics in the United States.​

After the Thalidomide tragedy,the ____ Amendments were passed,which requires drug manufacturers to prove the safety of their drugs before marketing them.​

What did the 1980s activist poster that read "Stop Protecting Us to Death" refer to?​

In the United States,the Department of Health and Human Services has placed responsibility for managing conflicts of interest on investigators,IRBs,and institutions​

​At smaller universities,Institutional Review Boards typically review research using both humans and animals.

Assent means that a child has not stated any objections to participating in a research study.​

Which researcher conducted studies of obedience that suggested ordinary people would do things they knew would cause harm to others simply because they were told to do so?

Current standards do not require that participants in clinical trials be told that they might receive a placebo

The principle of "respect for persons" means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals

The principle of ____ means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals.

The 10 principles that were developed as a frame of reference for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians accused of atrocities became the ____.

The principle of ____ means that researchers should attempt to maximize the benefits of participation and take steps to identify and limit the potential for harm.

In a Phase III study,a drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness,monitor side effects,compare it to commonly used treatments,and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely

Even an accidental error in recording or analyzing data is considered misconduct.

The classic "obedience study" is believed to have been the first study in which the term ____ was used.

Milgram's famous study was inspired by the Nazi defense,"orders are orders."

The modern history of human-subject protections began at ____.

Fundamentally,research ethics are about doing the right thing for all involved.

FDA inspector Frances Kelsey refused to approve an application with what she viewed as insufficient safety data,even under pressure from her superiors,and thus,prevented the Thalidomide tragedy from occurring in the United States.

The principle of ____ means that participation should be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status.

The ____,passed in 1974,represents one of the first serious attempts to build a comprehensive system of research ethics in the United States.

After the Thalidomide tragedy,the ____ Amendments were passed,which requires drug manufacturers to prove the safety of their drugs before marketing them.

What did the 1980s activist poster that read "Stop Protecting Us to Death" refer to?

In the United States,the Department of Health and Human Services has placed responsibility for managing conflicts of interest on investigators,IRBs,and institutions

At smaller universities,Institutional Review Boards typically review research using both humans and animals.

Assent means that a child has not stated any objections to participating in a research study.