Question 1

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis suggests that increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups. This is based on the idea that by interacting with members of different groups, individuals are able to learn more about them and develop a greater understanding and empathy towards them, leading to a reduction in prejudice.

Question 2

Participants were asked to rate a series of pictures and were assigned randomly to a group,but were told that the others in their group shared a preference for either Klee or Kandinsky paintings.When given an opportunity to distribute money to others in the experiment,participants _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Participants gave less money to their in-group if it meant they could maximize the difference between the amount given to the in-group and the amount given to the out-group. This suggests that people have a tendency to favor their own group and may even actively undermine other groups in order to further their own interests.

Question 3

One strategy that White people use to avoid appearing racist is to attempt to be color-blind.When participants were asked to describe a person to a partner as part of a game in a lab setting,White participants were _____ to use race descriptors when their partners were ____.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is observed because White participants may avoid using race descriptors to not appear racist, especially when interacting with Black partners (choice C), and may feel more comfortable using race descriptors with White partners, assuming shared norms or less risk of offense (choice D).

Question 4

One emotional response that can be experienced when individuals become aware of harmful wrongdoing by members of their own in-group is ________.

Accepted Answer

Collective guilt is the emotional response that individuals can feel when they become aware of harmful wrongdoing by members of their own in-group. It involves feeling responsible for the actions of others and experiencing shame or regret for not preventing the harm. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, but it may not be the primary emotion experienced when learning of harmful wrongdoing by in-group members. Benevolent racism and hostile sexism are forms of prejudice and discrimination and do not relate to the emotional response discussed. Respect is a positive attitude or feeling towards others and also does not fit as an emotional response to harmful wrongdoing.

Question 5

In Western societies,overt racism has ________ in public life;automatic prejudice has ________.

Accepted Answer

Overt expressions of racism have become socially unacceptable and therefore decreased in public life in Western societies. However, automatic or implicit biases still exist and continue to affect individuals' decision-making and attitudes. This has been supported by studies on implicit bias and discrimination.

Question 6

The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is known as the ________.

Accepted Answer

The social learning view posits that prejudice is learned through direct and indirect experiences, such as observing the behavior and attitudes of others, and receiving reinforcement or punishment for one's own attitudes and actions.

Question 7

In one study examining identity fusion,researchers found that

Accepted Answer

The study found that people who are fused with their group are more likely to sacrifice themselves to save in-group members. This is in line with the concept of identity fusion, where individuals view the group as part of themselves and prioritize the group's well-being over their own. Option B is incorrect because the study did not find that people who are not fused with their group were more likely to kill a terrorist to save in-group members. Option C is incorrect because the study found that people who are fused with their group were more likely to sacrifice themselves to save others, even if it means killing a terrorist. Option E is incorrect because the study did find that identity fusion impacted people's willingness to help others, as fused individuals were more likely to sacrifice themselves to save in-group members.

Question 8

The belief that minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and a denial that discrimination influences outcomes for minority members is ________.

Accepted Answer

Modern racism refers to a form of prejudice that is more subtle and indirect compared to overt forms of prejudice. It involves denying the existence of discrimination or attributing the outcomes of minorities to their own shortcomings rather than societal factors, such as discrimination. It also involves the belief that minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve, which is a key characteristic of modern racism.

Question 9

Alice's friend,Zoë,is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice's prejudices.Although she has pointed this out to her many times,Alice's views have not been altered.Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice (who has two children)to change her views would be to ________.

Accepted Answer

Pointing out shared group memberships with disliked others (e.g., we are all human) is an effective strategy for reducing prejudice. This strategy helps people to see that they have more in common with others than they thought, which can lead to more positive attitudes and behaviors.

Question 10

Fred,Ted,Barry,and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure.After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face,each was shown the word "bad." The number of seconds it takes for Fred,Ted,Barry,and Larry to respond to the word "bad" is 5.2,3.8,2.1,and 4.4,respectively.On the basis of this information,which of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes towards Hispanics?

Accepted Answer

Barry, with the shortest response time (2.1 seconds), most likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes towards Hispanics, as faster associations between the stimulus (Hispanic face) and the word "bad" indicate stronger implicit biases.

Question 11

Exposing a person to some stimulus or event will make related information held in memory more available to him or her.This is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Exposing a person to some stimulus or event will make related information held in memory more available to him or her. This phenomenon is known as priming.

Question 12

Wilma,who is White,will likely show a greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if ________.

Accepted Answer

Wilma's parents holding non-prejudiced attitudes would likely influence her own attitudes and actions towards people of different races.

Question 13

College students perceive that some prejudices are legitimate or acceptable.Which of the following groups do college students feel that it is not legitimate to be prejudiced toward?

Accepted Answer

College students generally view prejudice against professional roles that defy traditional gender norms, such as male nurses, as not legitimate or acceptable. This reflects a broader societal shift towards valuing diversity and challenging stereotypes in the workforce.

Question 14

Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude)frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings.This technique or type of research is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The technique described is known as the bona fide pipeline, which is a method used in psychology to assess implicit attitudes, including biases and prejudices, by measuring the speed of response to positive or negative words after being exposed to stimuli (in this case, faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds).

Question 15

Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as discrimination. Stereotyping refers to making assumptions about individuals based on their membership in a particular group. Tokenism refers to the practice of making only a symbolic effort to include members of underrepresented groups. Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes about a particular group, often without a rational basis. Bias refers to a preference or inclination for one thing, person, or group over another, often without conscious awareness.

Question 16

One technique that can be used to reduce feelings of collective guilt is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One technique that can be used to...

Question 17

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them.Her brother says that dishes are women's work,which makes their father smile.Her brother sees the smile and walks away.This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ________.

Accepted Answer

The scenario shows that Candy's brother has learned a prejudiced belief from his environment (social learning), where dishes are seen as women's work. His behavior is a result of this learned prejudice.

Question 18

Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings towards homosexual people;in fact,whenever he encounters a gay man,he is likely to make more negative,cynical,disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to).This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature.

Accepted Answer

The example given in the statement suggests that Mike's prejudicial feelings towards homosexual people are implicit in nature. This means that they are not openly expressed or intentional, but rather subconscious and automatic responses.

Question 19

Attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice and/or expressing biased attitudes in some "safe" areas but not publicly is a part of ________.

Accepted Answer

Modern racism refers to subtle forms of racism that can take the form of attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice or expressing biased attitudes in some "safe" areas but not publicly. It is characterized by beliefs and attitudes that appear to be non-prejudicial on the surface but reinforce racial inequalities.

Question 20

Jason has just seen five faces from different individuals of varying races - Native American,White,Black,Hispanic,and Asian - via the use of priming stimuli.After being presented with a certain "target" word,his response time after each of these five faces (in the order presented above)was 1.7,.98,2.1,.76,and 1.3 seconds,respectively.Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the "target" word?

Accepted Answer

Jason's fastest response time was after seeing the Hispanic face, indicating he is most likely associating the "target" word with this face.

Quiz 6: The Causes, effects, and Cures of Stereotyping, prejudice, and Discrimination