Question 1

If,as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated,Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans,it is because ________.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D because it suggests that a person can be aware of negative stereotypes without personally endorsing them, which aligns with the concept of implicit attitudes measured by the IAT.

Question 2

Attitudes influence ________.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes are beliefs and feelings about specific objects, events, or people. These beliefs and feelings can influence how individuals think and behave in social situations. Therefore, attitudes can have an impact on social thought and social behavior.

Question 3

Subliminal conditioning ________.

Accepted Answer

Subliminal conditioning occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content, meaning the participant is unaware of the conditioning process.

Question 4

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

Accepted Answer

Subliminal conditioning is a form of classical conditioning where the conditioning occurs without the individual's conscious awareness of the stimuli. This involves associating a stimulus that is below the threshold of conscious perception with another stimulus that elicits a response.

Question 5

A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________.

Accepted Answer

This definition best fits instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, in which individuals learn to associate a behavior with a consequence (positive or negative) and adjust their behavior accordingly. Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically significant stimulus, while observational learning involves learning through observing the behavior of others. The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks that an individual can perform with assistance but not independently, and social outcomes learning is not a commonly used term in psychology.

Question 6

The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning based on the association of two or more stimuli. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

Question 7

Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends,but advocates for amnesty to another group.This is possible for her because ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to...

Question 8

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate,then Billy's intention reflects a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

Billy's intention to vote for a certain candidate reflects his attitude towards that candidate.

Question 9

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli;this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n)________ stage of social thought.

Accepted Answer

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive typically occurs before we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli, indicating that attitudes reflect an early stage of social thought.

Question 10

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

Accepted Answer

An involuntary negative reaction suggests an automatic or implicit bias, which is often outside of conscious control. Therefore, an implicit attitude (Choice B) is more likely to be the cause of the reaction towards a member of a stigmatized group. Explicit attitudes (Choice A) are conscious and deliberate beliefs and opinions that a person is aware of and can verbalize. Uncontrollable (Choice C) and angry (Choice E) are not accurate descriptions of attitudes. Egalitarian (Choice D) refers to a belief in equality and does not necessarily relate to a negative reaction towards a stigmatized group.

Question 11

Attitudes are ________.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes are our evaluations or opinions about different aspects of the social world, such as people, objects, events, ideas, or behaviors. They can be positive, negative, or neutral, and they can influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions towards these targets. Attitudes can be shaped by a variety of factors, such as personal experience, social norms, and cultural values. Attitudes are not necessarily the mechanism we use to reduce dissonance (A), protect ourselves from unwanted views of ourselves (B), or adjust our behavior to particular circumstances (C). Although attitudes can affect our evaluations of ourselves (E), this option is too narrow and not inclusive of the full range of attitudes.

Question 12

Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more ____ thoughts as compared to ____ thoughts.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more positive thoughts (i.e., the benefits of the vaccine in preventing HPV-related diseases) as compared to negative thoughts (i.e., concerns about potential side effects or moral/religious objections). Therefore, the best choice is D, which suggests that parents had relatively more positive thoughts as compared to negative ones.

Question 13

Once an attitude has been formed,it may be ________.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes, once formed, can vary in how easily they can be changed, depending on various factors such as the strength of the attitude, the information presented, and the individual's openness to change. Therefore, they can be either difficult or easy to change, depending on the circumstances.

Question 14

By reinforcing children with smiles,hugs,or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say,parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, involves reinforcing desired behaviors with rewards. In this scenario, smiles, hugs, or attention act as rewards for the children when they repeat things their parents say, thereby shaping their attitudes through reinforcement.

Question 15

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus.This type of learning is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The description given matches classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally causes a reaction, and then acquires the ability to cause that same reaction on its own. The Premark principle, observational learning, operant conditioning, and signal relations learning do not involve this specific type of learning process.

Question 16

Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

Initial evaluation of a stimulus refers to the immediate reaction of liking or disliking towards it. This is often an automatic and unconscious process.

Question 17

One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes.Which of the following findings support this idea?

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures the strength of associations between concepts. A faster reaction time for associations between men and wealth (D) suggests an implicit bias that men are more closely linked to wealth, which could contribute to the gender wage gap by influencing hiring, promotion, and salary decisions.

Question 18

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity.He may well ________ publicly,believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views.He is,in private,________ to express those same views.

Accepted Answer

Marshall would likely badmouth other fraternities publicly to gain favor with the fraternity he wants to join, but he would be unlikely to express those views in private, where it might not benefit him or could backfire.

Question 19

Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations.

Accepted Answer

The negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up" would lead to a quicker response to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination, as the negative association is already ingrained in the person's mind. This is consistent with the IAT's ability to measure implicit biases that are outside of one's conscious awareness.

Question 20

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful or significant stimulus (such as an emotion or response), which can lead to a change in their response to the neutral stimulus. This can include developing a dislike or aversion to the formerly neutral stimulus.

Quiz 5: Attitudes: Evaluating and Responding to the Social World

If,as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated,Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans,it is because ________.

Attitudes influence ________.

Subliminal conditioning ________.

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________.

The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.

Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends,but advocates for amnesty to another group.This is possible for her because ________.

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate,then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________.

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli;this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) stage of social thought.

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

Attitudes are ________.

Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more thoughts as compared to thoughts.

Once an attitude has been formed,it may be ________.

By reinforcing children with smiles,hugs,or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say,parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus.This type of learning is known as ________.

Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________.

One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes.Which of the following findings support this idea?

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity.He may well publicly,believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views.He is,in private, to express those same views.

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.

Quiz 5: Attitudes: Evaluating and Responding to the Social World

If,as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated,Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans,it is because ________.

Attitudes influence ________.

Subliminal conditioning ________.

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________.

The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.

Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends,but advocates for amnesty to another group.This is possible for her because ________.

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate,then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________.

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli;this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) ________ stage of social thought.

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

Attitudes are ________.

Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more ____ thoughts as compared to ____ thoughts.

Once an attitude has been formed,it may be ________.

By reinforcing children with smiles,hugs,or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say,parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus.This type of learning is known as ________.

Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________.

One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes.Which of the following findings support this idea?

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity.He may well ________ publicly,believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views.He is,in private,________ to express those same views.

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli;this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) stage of social thought.

Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more thoughts as compared to thoughts.

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity.He may well publicly,believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views.He is,in private, to express those same views.