Question 1

Though societies differ in their attitudes towards women,there is still a great deal of consistency in the percentage of women in many occupations.Which of the following is the best explanation of this consistency?

Accepted Answer

Sex roles shape the expectations of society regarding what types of occupations are appropriate for men and women. These expectations are then internalized by individuals and shape their career choices. Therefore, even in societies with different attitudes towards women, the consistent percentage of women in certain occupations can be attributed to the influence of sex roles.

Question 2

Which of the following mechanisms allows an individual to maintain a stereotype even in the face of strongly contradictory evidence?

Accepted Answer

Subtyping allows an individual to maintain a stereotype by categorizing exceptions as a special subgroup rather than altering the overall stereotype. This mechanism preserves the original stereotype by considering contradictory evidence as outliers rather than evidence against the stereotype.

Question 3

Why is the fundamental attribution error likely to promote stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their dispositional factors rather than situational ones. This can lead to stereotypes because observers may see the stereotype-consistent behavior of others as being due to their inherent character (dispositional), rather than external factors (situational).

Question 4

When is subtyping most likely to be used?

Accepted Answer

Subtyping is most likely to be used when one is confronted with a group member who deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions. This is because subtyping allows people to maintain their stereotypes while still acknowledging the existence of exceptions.

Question 5

Lou sees women as being especially good at things like raising children and keeping a family together.But he thinks they are less capable than men in making difficult decisions,and believes that women need men's protection.What characteristic does Lou's behaviour illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lou sees women as being especially good...

Question 6

Bradley notices that all of the nurses he has ever seen are women.Because nurses help people,he assumes that they are gentle and caring by nature so he treats them warmly and with respect.He finds that his nurses do treat him in a very caring and gentle manner.What concept does this situation demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

This situation demonstrates a self-fulfilling prophecy, as Bradley's initial assumptions about the nature of nurses lead him to treat them warmly and with respect, which in turn leads them to respond to him in a caring and gentle manner.

Question 7

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally,but when he sees them at the football games,they are always smiling.How does Arnold most likely perceive cheerleaders?

Accepted Answer

Arnold only sees cheerleaders at football games where they are performing and smiling, so he may perceive all cheerleaders as being happy because that is the only context in which he sees them.

Question 8

According to the outgroup homogeneity effect,why do ingroup members perceive outgroup members as similar?

Accepted Answer

The outgroup homogeneity effect occurs because ingroup members tend to have limited information about outgroup members, which leads them to perceive outgroup members as more similar to each other than they really are. This is because it is easier for ingroup members to categorize and stereotype outgroup members based on limited information, rather than making distinctions between individual members of the outgroup.

Question 9

In explaining the behaviour of outgroup members,what are people most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

People are more likely to make situational attributions for positive behaviors of outgroup members, attributing their good actions to external circumstances, but make personal attributions for their negative behaviors, attributing those actions to the individuals' inherent characteristics.

Question 10

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to the view that members of a stereotyped group behave in ways consistent with group stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlations occur when people overestimate the link between two variables that are only slightly or not at all related. This can lead to the perception that members of a stereotyped group behave in ways consistent with group stereotypes even if this is not the case.

Question 11

What is the impact of implicit racism on society?

Accepted Answer

Implicit racism may seem small and difficult to detect, but its effects are demonstrated commonly across people. These small effects accumulate over time and can have significant impacts on society, such as perpetuating systemic discrimination and inequality. Therefore, the impact of implicit racism on society is great.

Question 12

Patricia has scored high on a measure of implicit racism.She is in an experiment where she and her black partner will have a discussion.How is Patricia most likely to respond?

Accepted Answer

Patricia is likely to exhibit avoidance behaviors, such as sitting further away from her black partner, particularly if the discussion is about race. This is a common response among individuals with high levels of implicit bias against minorities.

Question 13

In a study of modern racism,mock juries heard evidence about either a white or a black defendant.When were juries most likely to demonstrate racism?

Accepted Answer

When the evidence against a defendant is ambiguous, jurors' personal biases and stereotypes are more likely to influence their decision-making, leading to a higher likelihood of demonstrating racism.

Question 14

Research has shown that certain groups perceive a high level of hostility in the faces of out-group members.Which of the following statements best summarizes these research findings?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has shown that certain groups perceive...

Question 15

Which of the following is a major difference between gender stereotypes and other group stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes are often prescriptive, meaning they dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender (e.g., women should be nurturing, men should be assertive), whereas other group stereotypes tend to be descriptive, outlining perceived characteristics without necessarily imposing behavioral expectations.

Question 16

Liston believes that psychology professors are absent-minded.Given the research on illusory correlations,which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlations refer to the tendency for people to see a relationship between two variables when there is no actual relationship. In this scenario, Liston has a belief that psychology professors are absent-minded, which creates an illusory correlation between being a psychology professor and being absent-minded. This means that Liston is likely to overestimate how often his psychology professor forgets to bring materials to class (i.e. stereotype-consistent behavior) because it fits with his preconceived belief about psychology professors.

Question 17

Sheldon is looking for a daycare centre for his son.He interviewed two centres and has decided to go to the daycare with all female workers because he believes that women are more caring and nurturing for children.What concept do Sheldon's beliefs illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Sheldon's belief that women are more caring and nurturing for children is an example of benevolent sexism. This is a subtle form of sexism that involves positive but patronizing attitudes towards women based on traditional gender roles. It assumes that women are naturally better at certain tasks, such as caring for children, and reinforces gender stereotypes.

Question 18

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviours performed by members of group A.They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviours performed by members of group B.Which pattern of results is most likely?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Participants in an experiment learn about eight...

Question 19

What does research show about the accuracy of stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Research on stereotypes has shown that the accuracy of stereotypes varies depending on the specific stereotype. Some stereotypes may be completely inaccurate, while others may have some truth to them. Overall, the findings are mixed and not clear-cut.

Question 20

Gunner thinks fashion models eat like birds.He overestimates the association between being a fashion model and not eating because models are very distinctive from the normal population and not eating is deviant behaviour.What does Gunner's thinking demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

Gunner's thinking demonstrates an illusory correlation, which is the perception of a relationship where none exists, or overestimating the strength of a real relationship based on limited information or stereotypes. In this case, Gunner has formed an erroneous association between being a fashion model and not eating, despite there being no evidence to support this.

Quiz 5: Stereotypes,prejudice,and Discrimination