Question 1

Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

Accepted Answer

Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience optimistic overconfidence, which is the tendency for individuals to overestimate their chances of success in a negotiation. This can lead to unrealistic expectations and an unwillingness to compromise. While empathy and sympathy may be experienced by some disputants, they are not universally reported. Pessimistic doubt, while it may be experienced by some, is not the most common experience reported by negotiators.

Question 2

All of the following are recommendations for how to fight constructively except

Accepted Answer

Apologizing prematurely can escalate the conflict and make the other person feel dismissed. It's important to address the issue and communicate openly, but apologizing before understanding the other person's perspective can actually hinder constructive discussion.

Question 3

According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your relationship with your partner includes

Accepted Answer

Trust is a foundational component of any open and honest relationship. When individuals feel that they can trust their partner, they are more likely to feel safe in expressing their needs and concerns. Without trust, individuals may fear judgement, criticism, or a breakdown in the relationship if they share their innermost thoughts and feelings. Therefore, trust is the most important factor in creating a safe and supportive environment for communication and conflict resolution.

Question 4

David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get her to decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ____________ to resolve their conflict.

Accepted Answer

Arbitration involves a third party making a decision to resolve a conflict, which is what Mom did for David and Julie.

Question 5

The phenomenon wherein a mutually agreeable proposal is dismissed if offered by either side is known as

Accepted Answer

Reactive devaluation refers to the tendency to undervalue proposals or offers made by the other party, even if they are mutually agreeable. This can occur in negotiation situations where there is a lack of trust or a desire to win at all costs.

Question 6

A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

A mediator's goal is to find a solution that works for everyone involved, not just one party winning and the other losing (win-lose). The mediator helps the parties come to a mutually beneficial resolution (win-win) by facilitating communication and negotiation. A carefree or submissive orientation would not be effective in reaching a resolution.

Question 7

Mediators seek to establish _____________ that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.

Accepted Answer

Mediators seek to establish integrative agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit. Arbitrated agreements and zero-sum agreements are not always mutually beneficial and mirror-image agreements involve a simplistic mirror reflection of each party's interests without actually reconciling them.

Question 8

Jean Paul and Michelle go to a third party to try and get their conflict resolved. The conflict resolution practitioner listens to both of them, then develops a settlement which he then asks them both to sign. This process is known as

Accepted Answer

Arbitration involves a third party listening to both sides in a dispute and then making a decision that is binding on both parties. Unlike mediation, where the mediator helps the parties find a mutual agreement, an arbitrator has the authority to determine the outcome.

Question 9

Gotlib and Colby argue that destructive quarrels involve all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Divulging your positive and negative feelings is not typically considered a component of destructive quarrels, as it can lead to open communication and resolution rather than harboring resentment or misunderstanding.

Question 10

Allan and Marianne are getting a divorce and have turned to a mediator to help resolve the disagreements over the distribution of their assets, and the house in particular. Allan considers it a win if he gets the house, and a loss if Marianne gets it, despite the fact that she is maintaining custody of the kids. The goal of the mediator is to create a win-win situation where

Accepted Answer

The best choice is for Allan to recognize that the house should go to Marianne as it is in the best interest of her, the kids, and maintaining a civil relationship. It is important for both parties to consider the needs of the children and to focus on creating a fair and equitable division of assets. Mediation is about finding a compromise that is mutually beneficial, and in this case, it is in the best interest of both parties to prioritize the well-being of the children and their ongoing relationship as co-parents.

Question 11

Gotlib and Colby have provided guidelines on how to avoid destructive quarrels and how to have good quarrels. Which of the following behaviours is not recommended for constructive quarrels?

Accepted Answer

Telling the other party how they are feeling is not recommended as it can come across as dismissive or condescending. Instead, it is better to ask open-ended questions and listen actively to understand their perspective.

Question 12

According to research, which of the following factors has been shown to correlate positively with marriage satisfaction and happiness?

Accepted Answer

Communication that is direct and open has been shown to positively correlate with marriage satisfaction and happiness. Conditional communication, where communication is only positive or loving when conditions are met, and compromise may also play a role in marriage satisfaction, but there is stronger evidence for the positive correlation with direct and open communication.

Question 13

Deidra was in a car accident and is trying to bargain with the opposing insurance company for a monetary settlement for her medical bills and suffering. She demands $30,000 and states that she will accept no less. The insurance company offers her $15,000, take it or leave it. Deidra's bargaining situation demonstrates how

Accepted Answer

Deidra's tough stance of demanding $30,000 and accepting no less has led to a deadlock in bargaining positions. The insurance company's offer of $15,000 is not acceptable to her, and she is not willing to negotiate. This demonstrates the potential negative impact of taking a tough stance in bargaining.

Question 14

A mediator may try to improve relationship communication by having conflicting parties restrict their arguments to statements of

Accepted Answer

When parties in conflict are restricted to expressing their own feelings and beliefs about the other's actions, it can help them better understand how their behavior affects the other person and fosters empathy. This can lead to a more productive conversation and a greater likelihood of finding a resolution. Restricting arguments to underlying motives or personal analysis may be too subjective and unhelpful in resolving the conflict, while proposing solutions too early in the mediation process may derail progress if parties are not yet ready to engage in this stage of the conversation.

Question 15

Carnevale and Choi (2000) reported that, in the past, the Pope resolved a geographical dispute between Argentina and Chile. In this context the Pope was a __________ who is trusted by both conflicting sides.

Accepted Answer

In this context, the Pope acted as a mediator who facilitated dialogue and negotiation between the conflicting sides to resolve the geographical dispute. Therefore, the best choice is B, mediator.

Question 16

Johnson and Johnson (2003) put children grades one to nine through about a dozen of conflict resolution training in six schools. They found that

Accepted Answer

The study found that after the conflict resolution training, there was a more peaceful student community and increased academic achievement.

Question 17

Kelman (1998) reported that South Africa achieved internal peace when ________________.

Accepted Answer

Kelman (1998) highlighted that internal peace in South Africa was achieved when white and black Africans granted each other's top priorities, facilitating a mutual understanding and respect that paved the way for reconciliation and peace.

Question 18

Lisa and Andrew tried without success to reach a divorce settlement on their own. Lisa suggested that they sell the house and split the proceeds. Andrew thinks this is a terrible idea, but when a divorce mediator suggests the same thing, he agrees. What best accounts for this change?

Accepted Answer

The change in Andrew's opinion could be attributed to the fact that the mediator appeared to be a neutral third party, unlike Lisa who may have appeared biased to him. Therefore, he may be more likely to consider the mediator's suggestion as a fair solution.

Question 19

According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.

Accepted Answer

Pruitt (1986) argues that compromises are less enduring because they do not fully satisfy either party's interests and are often seen as "losing" something. Additionally, compromises may not improve ongoing relationships as much as integrative agreements because they may involve some level of resentment or dissatisfaction from one or both parties.

Question 20

Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is associated with...

Quiz 13: Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking