Question 1

Tran can't seem to understand his social psychology material.He feels like he will never be able to find a way to pass the test.Self-awareness theory predicts:

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness theory predicts that when individuals are highly self-aware and highly motivated to change their behavior, they will avoid self-focus. This is because being self-focused can increase feelings of discomfort and pressure to perform, which can actually hinder performance. Therefore, Tran may be more likely to avoid thinking about his difficulties with the material and instead focus on other strategies to improve his understanding and performance.

Question 2

Bettina's goal is to become a famous singer-songwriter.However,as her life goes on she begins to feel that this will be a very difficult goal to achieve.What does expectancy-value theory suggest will happen?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy-value theory suggests that if someone perceives their chances of achieving a goal as low and the value of the goal as not worth the effort, they are likely to give up on the goal and shift their energy to something else. In Bettina's case, if she feels that becoming a famous singer-songwriter is difficult to achieve, she may eventually give up on the goal and pursue other interests or career paths.

Question 3

All of the following are methods that researchers have used to increase self-awareness EXCEPT which one?

Accepted Answer

Asking people to focus on an object in their immediate environment may help with mindfulness, but it is not specifically a method for increasing self-awareness. The other options (B, C, and D) are all methods that have been used to increase self-awareness.

Question 4

We are more likely to feel _____ when we focus on a bad behavior we have committed,and to feel _____ when we think that we are a bad person.

Accepted Answer

Guilt is typically associated with a specific behavior or action that we regret or feel responsible for. Shame, on the other hand, is a more general feeling of inadequacy or unworthiness as a person. Therefore, we are more likely to feel guilt when we focus on a specific bad behavior we have committed, and we are more likely to feel shame when we think of ourselves as a bad person overall.

Question 5

Self-discrepancy theory describes all of the following EXCEPT which view of the self?

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory, developed by Higgins (1987), involves three domains: the actual self (our representation of the attributes we believe we actually possess), the ideal self (our representation of the attributes we would ideally like to possess), and the ought self (our representation of the attributes we believe we should possess). The "undesired self" is not a domain explicitly described by self-discrepancy theory.

Question 6

Participants who were either seated in front of a mirror or not seated in front of a mirror were asked to deliver shocks to another participant.What were the results of this study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Participants who were either seated in front...

Question 7

In one study,participants were told that they had either done well or poorly on a test,and then they participated in a second study,ostensibly on alcohol preferences.What were the findings?

Accepted Answer

Among the participants who believed they did poorly, existing levels of private self-consciousness predicted higher levels of drinking.

Question 8

The _____ refers to our conscience,or beliefs about what we are obligated to do,while the _____ refers to our beliefs about what we would like to accomplish and become.

Accepted Answer

The "ought self" refers to our conscience or beliefs about what we are obligated to do, while the "ideal self" refers to our beliefs about what we would like to accomplish and become.

Question 9

Kaguya needs a study guide for an upcoming exam but cannot afford to buy one.She is about to steal one from the university bookstore,even though in general she feels petty theft is wrong.As she is about to walk out of the store with the book,she approaches the glass doors at the entrance,where she sees her reflection.What does research suggest is likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that when people are reminded of their moral values, they are less likely to engage in immoral behavior. Kaguya seeing her reflection may activate her moral values and deter her from stealing the book.

Question 10

The _____ theory states that a person's effort in pursuing a goal is based on the value of the goal,multiplied by the person's assessment of the chances of attaining that goal.

Accepted Answer

The given theory is called the expectancy-value theory, in which an individual's motivation to pursue a goal is determined by the values attached to that goal and the individual's assessment of the chances of achieving that goal. Hence, option B, i.e., expectancy-value theory, is the correct answer. The option A refers to a different concept called the automotivation theory. Option C refers to self-discrepancy theory, and option D refers to action identification theory, both of which are unrelated to the given concept.

Question 11

According to expectancy-value theory,the amount of effort a person is likely to expend on a goal is determined by the:

Accepted Answer

Expectancy-value theory states that the amount of effort someone puts into a goal is determined by their perceptions of how achievable the goal is and how valuable it is to them personally. Therefore, the best choice is B because it accurately reflects these two factors that determine effort expenditure. Choices A, C, and D are not supported by the theory.

Question 12

The most common way to study self-awareness is by:

Accepted Answer

Placing people in front of a mirror is the most common way to study self-awareness as it allows individuals to see their reflection and become aware of themselves as a separate entity. This can lead to insights about one's physical appearance, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased self-awareness. The other options listed may not necessarily be effective in studying self-awareness.

Question 13

Numani's father always wanted him to succeed in business.One day Numani is debating whether or not he should go to his management class or play Ping-Pong with his friends.Sitting on the couch,flipping through his cell phone to find a friend's number,he scrolls past his father's name in the contact list but doesn't notice it.What does research suggest Numani is likely to do?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals who have a strong sense of obligation towards fulfilling their goals and achieving success in their careers are more likely to choose to attend their management class instead of engaging in leisure activities such as playing Ping-Pong. Additionally, Numani's father's influence and expectations may also push him towards making the responsible choice of attending his class.

Question 14

Research suggests that people who frequently experience shame are more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Research shows that people who frequently experience shame are more likely to experience anger or depression. Shame is associated with negative self-evaluation, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness, and ultimately increase the risk for depression and anger.

Question 15

In one study,some people were primed with the name of a significant other prior to working on a task.What were the findings of the study?

Accepted Answer

The study found that those who were primed with a significant other who had high expectations of them worked longer on the task. This suggests that the expectations of significant others can influence our motivation and effort towards achieving a task.

Question 16

What does research suggest about the relationship between goals and consciousness?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that people are often motivated by unconscious goals, meaning that they are not aware of what is driving their behavior or decision-making. While some goals may be active on a conscious level, unconscious goals can also have a significant impact on behavior and decision-making.

Question 17

Shinobu is thinking about how he has performed in pursuing his goal of becoming a chemical engineer.He feels that there is only a small discrepancy between what he has accomplished and what he envisioned himself accomplishing.Self-discrepancy theory suggests he is likely to feel:

Accepted Answer

According to self-discrepancy theory, when there is a small discrepancy between a person's actual and ideal selves, they are likely to feel satisfied. Therefore, Shinobu is likely to feel satisfied with his performance in pursuing his goal of becoming a chemical engineer.

Question 18

The theory that even subtle exposure to goal-related stimuli can automatically activate the goal and guide behavior is called the _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

The theory described in the question is the auto-motive theory. The other choices (self-discrepancy, action identification, and expectancy-value) do not relate to this particular theory.

Question 19

According to Higgins's self-discrepancy theory,the "ought" self is another word for:

Accepted Answer

The "ought" self, according to Higgins's self-discrepancy theory, refers to the attributes someone believes they should possess, often reflecting responsibilities and commitments. This is closely related to the concept of conscience, which involves understanding right from wrong and acting according to what one believes they ought to do.

Question 20

Failures to live up to the ought self elicit _____,while failures to live up to the ideal self elicit _____.

Accepted Answer

Research on self-discrepancy theory suggests that failures to meet the standards set by the ideal self elicit negative emotions such as anxiety and guilt, while failures to meet the standards set by the ought self elicit negative reactions such as dejection and sadness. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A and D are incorrect because they present reverse responses for the two types of self. Option C is incorrect because it confuses the emotions that arise from failing to live up to the two types of self.

Quiz 5: The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self