Question 1

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an...

Question 2

Richard French,53 years old,was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia.His elder brother Don is HLA-haploidentical and will donate bone marrow.Richard's oncologist has recommended him to a medical center that favors using bone marrow depleted of mature T cells prior to infusion.The most likely rationale for employing the practice of T-cell depletion is that _____.

Accepted Answer

An HLA haploidentical donor has one HLA haplotype in common with the recipient and one that is different. A bone marrow sample from a haploidentical donor contains numerous alloreactive T cells that can respond to the HLA class I and class II molecules encoded by the HLA class I and II genes of the recipient’s HLA haplotype that is not shared with the donor. These alloreactive T cells have the potential to cause a severe and life-threatening graft-versus-host-disease. To prevent such an outcome, bone marrow grafts from haploidentical donors are purged of T cells before being infused into the recipient. Haploidentical transplants are only given to patients who are unable to find an HLA-matched donor. Family members are good candidate donors because all parents and 50% of siblings (on average) have one HLA haplotype in common and one that is different from a patient such as Richard. Unlike Don, who is HLA-haploidentical to Richard, his other sibling Margaret could not be a donor because neither of her HLA haplotypes is shared with Richard.

Question 3

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of organ transplantation,what is...

Question 4

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

C) Isografts refer to grafts between genetically identical individuals, often termed syngeneic grafts, such as between identical twins.D) Antithymocyte globulin is derived from animals (e.g., rabbits or horses) and is used in humans, making it xenogeneic (from a different species).E) Allogeneic refers to cells, tissues, or organs transplanted between genetically non-identical members of the same species.

Question 5

What is the name of the clinical test used to determine the compatibility between a donor and recipient requiring a blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

The cross-match test is used to determine the compatibility between a donor and recipient requiring a blood transfusion. This test involves mixing a small sample of the recipient's blood with a small sample of the donor's blood to see if they react together. If there is no reaction, the transfusion can proceed safely.

Question 6

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)is a consequence of _____.

Accepted Answer

GVHD occurs when mature T lymphocytes from the donor, which are present in the transplanted tissue, recognize the recipient's tissue as foreign and mount an immune response against it. This can cause damage to various organs and tissues of the recipient. Choice B is incorrect because mature T lymphocytes from the recipient would not be present in the transplanted tissue. Choices C, D, and E describe factors that can contribute to transplant rejection but are not specific to GVHD.

Question 7

When an individual receives a kidney transplant,the main concern will be to control the development of _____.

Accepted Answer

Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted kidney as foreign and attacks it. This is the main concern following a kidney transplant and must be managed with immunosuppressive medications.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow donor needs to be HLA-matched to the recipient?

Accepted Answer

HLA-matching is necessary for bone marrow transplants because the recipient's MHC molecules mediate positive selection of thymocytes in the thymus that interact with donor-derived MHC molecules in the periphery. This ensures that the reconstituted T cells are not recognized as foreign and rejected by the recipient's immune system.

Question 9

Alloantibodies specific for HLA class I molecules can mediate hyperacute rejection of kidney transplants.Explain under what conditions an individual would possess preexisting antibodies against HLA class I polymorphisms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alloantibodies specific for HLA class I molecules...

Question 10

A.Explain why a boy with leukemia who receives a bone marrow transplant from his sister that is perfectly matched for MHC class I and class II is still likely to get graft-versus-host disease.
B.Which effector T cells are usually involved in this reaction,and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.Explain why a boy with leukemia who...

Question 11

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

A mismatched blood transfusion would result in a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, also called cytotoxic hypersensitivity. This is because the recipient's immune system produces antibodies against the transfused blood cells, leading to their destruction and release of harmful substances. Symptoms can range from mild fever and chills to life-threatening anemia, kidney failure, and shock.

Question 12

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection.
B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be...

Question 13

From a clinical perspective explain how the logistics of organ transplantation differ from those for a bone marrow transplant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of From a clinical perspective explain how the...

Question 14

A.Are the criteria for selecting suitable donors the same for liver and bone marrow transplants?
B.Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.Are the criteria for selecting suitable donors...

Question 15

In general the higher the patient's panel reactive antibody (PRA),_____.

Accepted Answer

The higher the patient's panel reactive antibody (PRA), the more limited the number of suitable transplant donors. PRA indicates a patient's level of pre-existing antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) found on the surface of cells. A high PRA level means that the patient has a high likelihood of rejecting a transplant from a donor who has HLA antigens that match their pre-existing antibodies. This reduces the number of suitable transplant donors for such patients.

Question 16

Explain why it is necessary to match at least some of the HLA allotypes between donor and recipient in a bone marrow transplant given to remedy SCID.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why it is necessary to match...

Question 17

Corticosteroids interfere with chemotaxis of leukocytes by _____.

Accepted Answer

Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial vessels, which decreases the ability of leukocytes to migrate to sites of inflammation.

Question 18

As time progresses following an organ transplant,the alloreactive T-cell response shifts from a(n)_____ pathway to a(n)_____ pathway of allorecognition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As time progresses following an organ transplant,the...

Question 19

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are correctly matched?...

Question 20

If _____ occurs in an organ to be transplanted,endothelial activation,leukocyte infiltration,inflammatory cytokine production,and complement activation may occur.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If _____ occurs in an organ to...

Quiz 15: Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

What is the name of the clinical test used to determine the compatibility between a donor and recipient requiring a blood transfusion?

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a consequence of _____.

When an individual receives a kidney transplant,the main concern will be to control the development of _____.

Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow donor needs to be HLA-matched to the recipient?

Alloantibodies specific for HLA class I molecules can mediate hyperacute rejection of kidney transplants.Explain under what conditions an individual would possess preexisting antibodies against HLA class I polymorphisms.

A.Explain why a boy with leukemia who receives a bone marrow transplant from his sister that is perfectly matched for MHC class I and class II is still likely to get graft-versus-host disease. B.Which effector T cells are usually involved in this reaction,and why?

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection. B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

From a clinical perspective explain how the logistics of organ transplantation differ from those for a bone marrow transplant.

A.Are the criteria for selecting suitable donors the same for liver and bone marrow transplants? B.Why or why not?

In general the higher the patient's panel reactive antibody (PRA) ,_____.

Explain why it is necessary to match at least some of the HLA allotypes between donor and recipient in a bone marrow transplant given to remedy SCID.

Corticosteroids interfere with chemotaxis of leukocytes by _____.

As time progresses following an organ transplant,the alloreactive T-cell response shifts from a(n) _ pathway to a(n) _ pathway of allorecognition.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

If _____ occurs in an organ to be transplanted,endothelial activation,leukocyte infiltration,inflammatory cytokine production,and complement activation may occur.

Quiz 15: Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

What is the name of the clinical test used to determine the compatibility between a donor and recipient requiring a blood transfusion?

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a consequence of _____.

When an individual receives a kidney transplant,the main concern will be to control the development of _____.

Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow donor needs to be HLA-matched to the recipient?

Alloantibodies specific for HLA class I molecules can mediate hyperacute rejection of kidney transplants.Explain under what conditions an individual would possess preexisting antibodies against HLA class I polymorphisms.

A.Explain why a boy with leukemia who receives a bone marrow transplant from his sister that is perfectly matched for MHC class I and class II is still likely to get graft-versus-host disease. B.Which effector T cells are usually involved in this reaction,and why?

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection. B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

From a clinical perspective explain how the logistics of organ transplantation differ from those for a bone marrow transplant.

A.Are the criteria for selecting suitable donors the same for liver and bone marrow transplants? B.Why or why not?

In general the higher the patient's panel reactive antibody (PRA) ,_____.

Explain why it is necessary to match at least some of the HLA allotypes between donor and recipient in a bone marrow transplant given to remedy SCID.

Corticosteroids interfere with chemotaxis of leukocytes by _____.

As time progresses following an organ transplant,the alloreactive T-cell response shifts from a(n) _____ pathway to a(n) _____ pathway of allorecognition.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

If _____ occurs in an organ to be transplanted,endothelial activation,leukocyte infiltration,inflammatory cytokine production,and complement activation may occur.

As time progresses following an organ transplant,the alloreactive T-cell response shifts from a(n) _ pathway to a(n) _ pathway of allorecognition.