Question 1

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?
A) Eysenck's model of personality
B) The five-factor model
C) The "goodness of fit" model
D) Evolutionary personality model

Accepted Answer

The "goodness of fit" model emphasizes the importance of matching a child's temperament with appropriate learning procedures to optimize their learning experience. This model suggests that different children may need different approaches to learning, depending on their unique combination of traits and tendencies.

Question 2

Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about
A) meeting people.
B) being separated from her mother.
C) loud noises.
D) novel situations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research...

Question 3

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms
A) evolved because they were needed for survival.
B) helped the species survive and reproduce.
C) are identical in all people.
D) were once useful, but no longer are.

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms (such as emotions, thoughts, and behaviors) are adaptations that helped the species survive and reproduce. These mechanisms provided advantages that allowed individuals with these traits to be more successful in passing on their genes to future generations. Therefore, they are believed to be heritable and present in different degrees in different individuals.

Question 4

According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children?
A) They will grow up to be shy adults.
B) They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty.
C) At least half of all American children can be identified as "inhibited."
D) They cannot be identified until about the age of five.

Accepted Answer

Temperament researchers have found that inhibited children are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty, which means they tend to be more fearful and hesitant when faced with new people, places, or experiences. It does not necessarily mean they will grow up to be shy adults, but they may be more likely to experience anxiety or social phobia. It is estimated that around 15-20% of American children can be identified as "inhibited," and they can often be identified as early as infancy or toddlerhood through observation of their reactions to new stimuli.

Question 5

Many generations ago, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves. This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain
A) fear of strangers.
B) marriage.
C) nationalism.
D) anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many generations ago, our ancestors were more...

Question 6

According to a popular model of temperament forwarded by Buss and Plomin, how many general temperaments are there?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Eight
D) Sixteen

Accepted Answer

According to the model of temperament forwarded by Buss and Plomin, there are three general temperaments: emotionality, activity, and sociability.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to the three-dimensional model of Buss and Plomin?
A) Activity
B) Emotionality
C) Connectivity
D) Sociability

Accepted Answer

The three-dimensional model of Buss and Plomin identifies the basic temperaments as Activity, Emotionality, and Sociability. Connectivity is not one of the basic temperaments.

Question 8

A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle. He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations. Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as
A) shy.
B) inhibited.
C) introverted.
D) low in sociability.

Accepted Answer

The child's hesitancy to play with new children and reluctance to enter new situations are indicative of behavioral inhibition, which is a temperament trait characterized by shyness and cautiousness. The other options (introverted and low in sociability) do not necessarily capture the child's specific temperament traits.

Question 9

According to the "goodness of fit" model, educators should ask which question?
A) What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance?
B) How can we change temperament in problem children?
C) How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments?
D) What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student?

Accepted Answer

The "goodness of fit" model suggests that a student's success in school is largely dependent on the fit between their individual temperament and the learning environment. Therefore, educators should ask what kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for the student. Choices A, B, and C do not take into account the importance of individual temperament and may not be effective in improving academic performance.

Question 10

Trina is slow to warm up to a new task. Rather than jumping right into a new assignment, she spends a great deal of time getting prepared and trying to understand the entire project. Because of her temperament, Trina usually falls behind the other students in her third-grade class. According to the goodness of fit model, Trina's teacher should
A) work with Trina to overcome her slow-to-warm-up style.
B) adapt her teaching to meet Trina's style of learning.
C) give Trina less work to do, even if this means Trina learns less than the other students.
D) allow Trina to take the work home with her to finish it all.

Accepted Answer

According to the goodness of fit model, Trina's teacher should adapt her teaching to meet Trina's style of learning. This means taking into account Trina's slow-to-warm-up style and adjusting instruction, pacing, and support to meet Trina's needs. It does not mean giving Trina less work or allowing her to take work home to finish, as this would not address the underlying issue of Trina's temperament. Working with Trina to overcome her style may also be a helpful approach, but it is not the best answer based solely on the information given.

Question 11

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school. Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one. Which one?
A) Temperament is related to intelligence.
B) Teachers may be more willing to work with students of certain temperament.
C) Some temperaments are more compatible with the requirements of the typical classroom than others.
D) Teachers sometimes misinterpret temperamental differences in their students.

Accepted Answer

This reason is not valid because temperament is not directly related to intelligence. Temperament refers to a person's natural tendencies and behaviors, while intelligence refers to cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills. Although there may be some overlap between the two, they are not the same thing. The other three reasons are all valid explanations for why temperament can affect school performance.

Question 12

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because
A) people fear that others will punish them.
B) experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function.
C) each of us is reminded of a traumatic experience in childhood.
D) human beings are not meant to exist as pack animals.

Accepted Answer

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, social exclusion can be seen as a signal of potential threat to survival. As such, experiencing anxiety in response to social exclusion serves as an adaptive response that helps to keep us safe and avoid future threats.

Question 13

In a review of research, it was estimated that __________children are seven times more likely to suffer from social anxiety disorder.
A) inhibited
B) disoriented
C) uninhibited
D) disengaged

Accepted Answer

The clue in the sentence is "social anxiety disorder" which refers to a condition where an individual experiences excessive amounts of anxiety and discomfort in social situations. The correct option for a person experiencing social anxiety is "inhibited" which means hesitant and reserved in interacting with others due to feelings of shame, self-consciousness, or inadequacy. Therefore, option A, inhibited is the most appropriate answer.

Question 14

The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called
A) moral anxiety.
B) castration anxiety.
C) anxiety to novelty.
D) neurotic phobia.

Accepted Answer

Anxiety to novelty refers to anxiety shown by inhibited children when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges. Moral anxiety is related to the fear of punishment for breaking moral or ethical codes, while castration anxiety is a psychoanalytical concept related to fear of losing genital organs. Neurotic phobia is a general term used to describe excessive fear or anxiety towards a specific situation or object.

Question 15

Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found that
A) temperament is not related to academic performance.
B) children with an "easy" temperament don't do as well in school as other children.
C) students do better when their temperament is similar to that of the teacher.
D) temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that temperament plays a role in how well children do in school. Children with a positive temperament, such as being adaptable and attentive, tend to have better academic performance than those with negative temperaments, such as being impulsive and irritable. However, it is important to note that temperament is just one of many factors that can influence academic performance.

Question 16

Researchers used measures of inhibition from when children were 21 months of age to predict how they would react upon entering kindergarten.
A) That children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing a ball-tossing game.
B) That children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing on a mattress in a falling game.
C) that children who were inhibited earlier were less likely to play with other children, touch classmates, or even laugh.
D) That children who were uninhibited earlier had grown out of this tendency and interacted with other kids at about average rates.

Accepted Answer

The article states that children who were inhibited earlier were less likely to play with other children, touch classmates, or even laugh when entering kindergarten. There is no mention or indication of risky behavior in the article. The article also does not mention whether children who were uninhibited earlier had grown out of this tendency and interacted with other kids at about average rates.

Question 17

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one?
A) Humans need to belong to groups.
B) We all have a need to dominate others.
C) Anxiety is found in nearly every culture of the world.
D) Anxiety assists the survival needs of the species.

Accepted Answer

The other options are all arguments put forth by theorists for the evolution of anxiety. Option B, however, is not a commonly cited argument and is not supported by research. In fact, many theorists point to the need for social connections and cooperation rather than domination as a key driver of anxiety.

Question 18

Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience. Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison's problem an example of anxiety caused by
A) conditioning.
B) an inherited temperament.
C) a fear of social exclusion.
D) a fear of novel situations.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary personality theory suggests that certain fears, such as the fear of social exclusion, have evolved because they had survival benefits for our ancestors. Being accepted by the group was crucial for survival, so anxiety in social situations like public speaking could be an evolutionary mechanism to ensure we act in ways that maintain social bonds.

Question 19

According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is
A) the result of natural selection.
B) a positive emotion.
C) no longer useful to human beings.
D) learned.

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is the result of natural selection because it serves as a survival mechanism by signaling potential danger and helping individuals prepare for fight or flight responses.

Question 20

Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children. This research can be used to argue that
A) a child's personality resembles a "blank slate."
B) all children are born shy, but many learn to overcome it.
C) temperament is at least partly inherited.
D) there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.

Accepted Answer

The study of an "inhibited" style in young children suggests that temperament is at least partially inherited, as some children show behaviors and tendencies towards shyness and inhibition from a very young age, before any significant environmental factors could have contributed to their personality.

Quiz 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?

Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms

According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children?

Many generations ago, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves. This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain

According to a popular model of temperament forwarded by Buss and Plomin, how many general temperaments are there?

Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to the three-dimensional model of Buss and Plomin?

A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle. He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations. Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as

According to the "goodness of fit" model, educators should ask which question?

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school. Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one. Which one?

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because

In a review of research, it was estimated that __________children are seven times more likely to suffer from social anxiety disorder.

The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called

Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found that

Researchers used measures of inhibition from when children were 21 months of age to predict how they would react upon entering kindergarten.

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one?

Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience. Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison's problem an example of anxiety caused by

According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is

Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children. This research can be used to argue that