Question 1

Who would be more likely to expect an apology?

Accepted Answer

In general, French culture places a high value on politeness and respect, including apologizing when necessary. Therefore, Samantha is more likely to expect an apology.

Question 2

According to the authors, when we are angry, it is best to

Accepted Answer

The authors suggest that expressing our anger in an assertive but non-aggressive way can help to de-escalate our feelings and communicate our needs effectively. Stifling our anger or publicly ridiculing the source of our anger can lead to further aggravation, while distracting ourselves may provide temporary relief but does not address the root cause of our anger.

Question 3

________ theory can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when individuals engage in behavior that contradicts their beliefs or values, they experience discomfort or dissonance. To reduce this discomfort, individuals may change their attitudes or beliefs to align with their behavior. In the case of harming others, individuals may derogate the victim to justify their behavior and reduce the dissonance of harming someone they may have previously seen as innocent or harmless. Therefore, cognitive dissonance can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm.

Question 4

Based on the research presented in your text on aggression, what advice would you give to Tim, who just found out he didn't make the baseball team and is angry?

Accepted Answer

According to research on aggression, one of the best ways to cope with anger is to try to relax and restrain urges to be aggressive. Watching a violent movie, playing a violent game, or hitting a punching bag may actually increase aggressive feelings and behaviors. Therefore, the best option for Tim would be to take deep breaths, count to ten, or engage in other relaxation techniques to calm down and avoid acting impulsively. He may also try to find a constructive way to channel his energy and frustration, such as talking with a friend or coach about other ways to improve his baseball skills.

Question 5

The authors of your text suggest that openly and rationally discussing something that has made you angry with close friends can lead to

Accepted Answer

Openly and rationally discussing something that has made you angry with close friends can lead to a stronger friendship as it allows for better communication, understanding, and resolution of conflicts.

Question 6

Anger control through "active enabling" might involve which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Taking a deep breath and counting to ten is a common strategy for anger management that helps individuals to pause and react in a calmer and more rational way. The other options such as pounding on pillows, watching boxing matches, or playing a "target practice" video game might increase aggression rather than control it.

Question 7

According to research on the effects of apologies in reducing later aggression, which of the following statements is true about the effects of apologies? Apologies

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that apologies that are sincere and include an explanation for the behavior are the most effective in reducing later aggression. This is because the apology helps to restore the injured party's sense of control, and the explanation helps to provide a clearer understanding of the offender's motives and intentions. However, the effectiveness of an apology also depends on factors such as the severity of the offense and the relationship between the offender and the victim.

Question 8

According to Pennebaker (1990), talking about our angry feelings and their sources can be physically and psychologically beneficial because

Accepted Answer

According to Pennebaker (1990), talking about our angry feelings and their sources can lead to insights and increased self-awareness. This suggests that discussing and exploring negative emotions can have psychological and emotional benefits, rather than simply "venting" or reducing aggressive impulses.

Question 9

Recall that participants in a research experiment presented in the text were insulted by an alleged medical technician and that those who were allowed to vent their hostility to the technician's supervisor subsequently felt even greater dislike and hostility towards the technician than did those who did not get a chance to complain. This increase in dislike after complaining is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall that participants in a research experiment...

Question 10

You've arrived half an hour late to pick up a friend. She was scheduled to take an examination, and even if you speed on the way to the university, she will now lose at least twenty minutes of the time she needs to complete the exam. According to the authors, what is the best thing to say when you arrive?

Accepted Answer

Option A shows genuine remorse for being late and taking responsibility for the situation. It also does not downplay or dismiss the importance of the exam or her friend's concerns.

Question 11

Recall that participants in a research experiment presented in the text were insulted by an alleged medical technician who was taking some physiological measurements. Half of the participants were given the chance to vent their hostility, and half were not. Those who were allowed to vent their hostility by complaining to the technician's supervisor

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall that participants in a research experiment...

Question 12

Ed is steaming mad and ready to punch the next person he sees. According to the authors of your text, what is the first, best thing he should do to help him resolve his anger effectively?

Accepted Answer

Taking a deep breath and counting to ten is a common method of anger management that helps to reduce tension and allow time to think before reacting hastily. Venting by punching a pillow or derogating someone can actually worsen anger in the long run, and keeping it in can lead to further rumination and resentment.

Question 13

You are trying to reach the glove compartment and drive at the same time and end up "tapping" the bumper of the driver in front of you. When you both get out to survey the damage, you apologize saying, "It's my fault; I should have been paying closer attention to driving. I'm sorry." What is the other motorist likely to do in response, according to the authors of your text?

Accepted Answer

According to the authors of the text, apologizing and taking responsibility for the situation can often diffuse anger in the other motorist, leading to a less confrontational and negative interaction. Therefore, the other motorist is likely to become less angry about the situation if you apologize and take responsibility for the accident.

Question 14

According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming another person, they are more likely to engage in later acts of aggression because

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming another person, they are likely to experience dissonance due to the discrepancy between their aggressive behavior and their positive self-image. To reduce this dissonance, individuals may derogate the victim and justify their behavior, which in turn increases the likelihood of later aggression.

Question 15

Research has explained why men are less likely to apologize. Why is that?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has explained why men are less...

Question 16

The research (Pennebaker, 1990) on "opening up" about the experience of traumatic events finds that expressing one's thoughts and feelings about these events is helpful primarily because

Accepted Answer

Expressing thoughts and feelings about traumatic events helps primarily by fostering insights and increased self-awareness, as it allows individuals to process their experiences, understand them better, and integrate these understandings into their sense of self.

Question 17

Based on research on the idea of catharsis, what is the bottom line-does catharsis work to reduce aggression?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the idea of catharsis, which suggests that expressing aggression or engaging in aggressive activities can reduce a person's aggressive feelings, does not effectively reduce aggression. Instead, it can actually increase aggression in individuals.

Question 18

A researcher (Pennebaker, 1990) asked people who had experienced a traumatic event to describe the event and how they experienced it. Six months later, he found that these people

Accepted Answer

According to Pennebaker's study, individuals who wrote about traumatic experiences experienced a number of health benefits, such as fewer visits to the doctor, fewer days off work, decreased use of pain relievers, and improved immune system functioning.

Question 19

You woke up late and are far behind at work. When you reach the end of your rope, you treat your secretary with hostility and disrespect. This mistreatment causes you to experience dissonance, which you are most likely to reduce by

Accepted Answer

The answer of You woke up late and are far...

Question 20

The phenomenon of "road rage" has been given increasing attention by print and electronic media. Briefly, road rage involves retaliations against other drivers (e.g., shooting, running them off the road) that far exceed their offenses (e.g., driving too slowly, tailgating). You're designing next year's model cars, and have just read Chapter 12 (Aggression). What new design feature might you suggest?

Accepted Answer

Providing a second horn that makes a funny "I'm sorry" noise can help diffuse the tension and potentially prevent retaliatory actions from drivers experiencing road rage. A louder stereo system or a more threatening horn may only increase frustration and escalation of aggressive behavior. Bulletproof glass is not a practical or necessary solution for addressing road rage.

Quiz 12: Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People Can We Prevent It