Question 1

Complete the following analogy: "practice makes perfect": ________ : : "born leader" : ________.

Accepted Answer

The phrase "born leader" implies the idea of having innate qualities and abilities that make someone a leader. Similarly, a growth mindset suggests that one's abilities and skills can be developed through practice and hard work rather than being fixed or innate. Therefore, just as practice can help one achieve perfection, adopting a growth mindset can help one become a leader despite not being a "born leader".

Question 2

In order to preserve intrinsic motivation and be effective, which is the best strategy for a parent to use when praising a child? Praise the child's

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to preserve intrinsic motivation and...

Question 3

All of the following except ________ are ways of giving praise that can enhance a child's intrinsic motivation.

Accepted Answer

Praising children for their effort on an easy task can actually decrease intrinsic motivation because it suggests that they only need to work hard on easy tasks, rather than challenging themselves. Praising effort on a hard task, making children feel competent, and making children feel they did the task on their own initiative all enhance intrinsic motivation.

Question 4

Social comparison theory suggests that in order to learn about our own abilities and attitudes, we

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory posits that people evaluate themselves through comparisons with others, whether upward or downward social comparisons.

Question 5

When there are no objective criteria and we feel uncertain, with whom are we most likely to compare ourselves?

Accepted Answer

When there are no objective criteria and we feel uncertain, we are most likely to compare ourselves with those who are similar to us on the relevant dimension. This is because we are looking for social information and a sense of belonging, and comparing ourselves to those who are similar to us helps us understand where we fit in and how we measure up. Comparing ourselves to those who are too different from us can make us feel like outliers, while comparing ourselves to those who are only slightly better can lead to feelings of envy and inadequacy.

Question 6

When there are no objective criteria to measure achievement, people often rely on ________ to evaluate how well they performed.

Accepted Answer

When objective criteria are not available, people tend to compare themselves to others to evaluate their performance. This is known as social comparison, and it can provide a frame of reference for evaluating one's own abilities and accomplishments. This process can also influence how people feel about their performance and their self-esteem.

Question 7

Kevin just got a low grade on his term paper. If Kevin has a ________ mindset, he would be most likely to give up and reduce his efforts in the class, feeling as though he is just "a bad writer."

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that abilities and intelligence levels are fixed and cannot be improved. Therefore, if Kevin has a fixed mindset, he would view his low grade as evidence that he is not a good writer and may be more likely to give up rather than try to improve his skills.

Question 8

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist. To assess her potential, she would most likely compare herself to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mariana wonders whether she has the potential...

Question 9

Praising children for their performance has positive effects if ________, but negative effects if ________.

Accepted Answer

Praising children for their performance has positive effects if it makes children feel like competent, hard workers, but negative effects if it makes children feel like they did the activity in order to get the reward. This is because praise should focus on effort and persistence instead of just the end result. When children feel like their efforts and hard work are being recognized and praised, they are more likely to continue putting in effort in the future. On the other hand, when children feel like the praise is primarily a means to the end of getting a reward, they may become more focused on the reward and less motivated by intrinsic factors.

Question 10

Which of the following ways of a parents' giving praise is most likely to enhance a child's intrinsic motivation?

Accepted Answer

Choice D focuses on the child's effort and improvement rather than simply the end result or talent. This type of praise is more likely to enhance a child's intrinsic motivation because it emphasizes the child's control over their own skills and abilities, rather than attributing their success solely to external factors such as luck or natural talent. It also encourages the child to continue to work hard and improve in the future.

Question 11

Recall that in a variation of his other work with great apes, Gallup (1997) compared the ability of chimps reared in social groups and chimps reared in isolation to recognize themselves in the mirror. Gallup's results suggest that

Accepted Answer

Gallup's study suggests that social interaction is crucial for developing a sense of self in many primates, including chimpanzees. The chimps reared in isolation had difficulty recognizing themselves in the mirror, which indicates that social experience plays an important role in the development of self-awareness. The other answer choices do not accurately reflect the findings of the study.

Question 12

In giving praise, parents should try to avoid ________ if they want to enhance their child's intrinsic motivation for the task.

Accepted Answer

Conveying the message that there is a fixed amount of ability that one either has or doesn't have can discourage a child's intrinsic motivation by making them believe that they either have it or they don't, regardless of the effort they put in. This can lead to a fear of failure and a lack of motivation to try new things or take risks. Therefore, parents should avoid this type of praise if they want to enhance their child's intrinsic motivation.

Question 13

In China and Japan, parents tend to praise children ________ than they do in the U.S. because ________.

Accepted Answer

In China and Japan, cultural norms often view excessive praise as potentially harmful, as it may lead to arrogance or a lack of humility, which are not typically valued traits in these societies.

Question 14

According to work on cultural differences in giving praise to children, what is Manaka from Japan most likely to say to her son Shinobu when he wins a spelling bee?

Accepted Answer

In Japanese culture, praise is often indirect and modesty is valued. Instead of direct praise, Manaka might encourage Shinobu to continue contributing to the family, reinforcing humility and responsibility.

Question 15

________ posits that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory proposes that we assess our own abilities, attitudes, and beliefs by comparing ourselves to others. By doing so, we can determine our rank or position within a social group or society. This process of social comparison can have both positive and negative consequences, as it can lead to self-improvement or feelings of inferiority.

Question 16

According to the authors of your text, which of the following is considered crucial to the development of the self-concept?

Accepted Answer

According to the authors of the text, social contact, or interactions with others, is crucial to the development of the self-concept. Through social interactions, individuals receive feedback from others and compare their own characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes to those of others. This helps individuals to form beliefs and opinions about themselves and to develop a sense of identity. While introspection, intrinsic motivation, and self-perception may also play a role in the development of the self-concept, social contact is considered the most important factor.

Question 17

Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison?

Accepted Answer

Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to someone who is considered better or superior. Reading William Faulkner to assess one's own writing skills involves comparing oneself to a highly regarded writer, which is a form of upward social comparison. Choices A and C involve comparing oneself to others in terms of performance, while choice D involves comparing oneself to others in terms of their social status or financial situation, but none of them involve comparing oneself to someone considered superior or better.

Question 18

Shellie has a growth mindset. She has just found out that she did poorly on an exam. Which of the following is she most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

Shellie's growth mindset means she sees failure as an opportunity to learn and improve. Therefore, she is more likely to try even harder to succeed on the next exam.

Question 19

Which of the following ways of understanding ourselves is social? We

Accepted Answer

Attending to other people's appraisals of us involves social comparison and is thus a social way of understanding ourselves. Introspection (A) is an individual process, as is observing one's own behavior (B). Making attributions (D) can also be done individually, although it can involve consideration of social factors.

Question 20

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam, Markus texted two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material. Markus is engaging in

Accepted Answer

Markus is engaging in social comparison by comparing his studying duration with that of his classmates to determine if he has studied enough for the psychology exam.

Quiz 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Complete the following analogy: "practice makes perfect": : : "born leader" : .