Question 1

Unlike Plato, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of

Accepted Answer

Aristotle believed that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation of the world, rather than from innate ideas or logical reasoning alone. He also emphasized the importance of empirical evidence in supporting scientific claims.

Question 2

Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of

Accepted Answer

The debate over whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences is ultimately a nature versus nurture debate. Biological influences would suggest that inherent differences in genetics and hormones contribute to psychological differences, while social influences would suggest that environmental factors such as upbringing and societal expectations play a larger role.

Question 3

Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?

Accepted Answer

Plato believed in the theory of innate ideas, which states that certain ideas or concepts are inherent to human beings from birth, and therefore do not have to be learned or acquired through experience.

Question 4

Who emphasized that behavioral characteristics are inherited?

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin emphasized that behavioral characteristics are inherited through his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 5

A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach takes into account the influence of both biological (brain functions) and social (social systems) factors on mental processes. Behaviorism and introspection focus primarily on either observable behavior or the individual's subjective experience, and humanistic psychology emphasizes the role of the individual's internal motivations and self-concept.

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov's most well-known contribution to psychology is his work on classical conditioning, which is a major aspect of the study of learning.

Question 7

Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?

Accepted Answer

Neuroscience is the perspective that is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states. This perspective focuses on understanding the brain and nervous system's structure and function and how they relate to behavior and cognition.

Question 8

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on abnormal blood chemistry and its contribution to psychological disorders indicates a biological or neuroscience perspective on psychological disorders.

Question 9

Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach considers the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in explaining human behavior and health. In the case of Mr. Leonard, his depression is influenced by poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties, which are all multifaceted factors that require a biopsychosocial approach to be fully understood and effectively addressed. Psychoanalysis and introspection focus more on individual psychological processes, while an evolutionary level of analysis may not be directly relevant to Mr. Leonard's case.

Question 10

Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by

Accepted Answer

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the concept of natural selection, which refers to the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing. This leads to the gradual change and diversification of species over time.

Question 11

The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

Accepted Answer

The question is specifically asking about the controversy surrounding the relative contributions of genes (nature) and experience (nurture) on psychological traits. This debate is commonly referred to as the nature-nurture issue. The other answer choices relate to other debates or controversies within psychology but not specifically to the nature-nurture debate.

Question 12

The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective is concerned with how natural selection has shaped the development of human traits over time. It emphasizes that our physical, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics are a product of adaptations that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce in their environments. Introspection, unconscious motives, and rational thought are not specific concerns of the evolutionary perspective.

Question 13

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle believed that knowledge is acquired through our experiences and interactions with the environment, which suggests a greater influence of nurture or environment. Plato, on the other hand, believed that knowledge is innate and exists within us from birth, which suggests a greater influence of nature or genetics.

Question 14

Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The belief that people's preferences for certain tastes, such as sweetness and saltiness, are rooted in evolution and have helped promote survival is a key component of the evolutionary perspective. This perspective focuses on how natural selection, adaptation, and other evolutionary processes have shaped human behavior and cognition over time.

Question 15

Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited; Claire argues that intelligence is developed through educational experiences. Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that

Accepted Answer

The perspectives of Ali and Claire complement each other. Ali emphasizes the role of genetic inheritance in determining intellectual skills, while Claire emphasizes the role of educational experiences. Both of these factors likely play a role in shaping intelligence, and the two perspectives are not mutually exclusive.

Question 16

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of

Accepted Answer

A biopsychosocial approach requires the consideration and integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating human behavior and experiences. This approach involves examining multiple levels of analysis, including biological processes (e.g., genetics, neurochemistry), psychological factors (e.g., cognitive processes, emotions), and social factors (e.g., socio-cultural norms, relationships). Introspection is a subjective method of self-reflection that is not necessarily incorporated in a biopsychosocial approach. SQ3R is a study method that is not relevant to this approach. Clinical psychology is a field that uses a variety of approaches, including biopsychosocial, but not all clinical psychology approaches are biopsychosocial.

Question 17

Which process explains why particular traits of living organisms are passed from one generation to the next generation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which process explains why particular traits of...

Question 18

Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept of quantity is inborn. The professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by

Accepted Answer

Plato believed in nativism, the idea that certain knowledge is innate or inborn. Therefore, Professor Kim's suggestion that the concept of quantity is inborn would align with Plato's beliefs.

Question 19

Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of

Accepted Answer

Angie's concern about whether her personality style is learned or inherited directly relates to the longstanding debate over the relative importance of nature (genetics) versus nurture (environmental factors) in shaping human behavior, including personality traits.

Question 20

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective suggests that certain behaviors and expressions are inherited due to their adaptive value in promoting survival and reproduction. Therefore, the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage may be inherited as they played a role in the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors.

Quiz 1: A: the Story of Psychology