Question 1

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that it can be difficult for both children and professional interviewers to accurately distinguish between true and false memories in young children's eyewitness testimony. Option A is incorrect as children are actually more susceptible to source amnesia than adults, meaning they may not remember the origin of their memories. Option B is also incorrect as research has shown that young children are more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults, meaning they can be influenced by leading questions or incorrect information provided to them by others.

Question 2

Research on memory construction indicates that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on memory construction indicates that
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Question 3

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

Accepted Answer

The major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable due to the underdevelopment of the brain structures involved in memory during early childhood.

Question 4

Déjà vu refers to the

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu refers to the eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event, even though one knows that it is impossible. It is a feeling of familiarity that is not based on a prior experience that one can recall, and it can occur in various situations.

Question 5

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

Accepted Answer

Karl and Dee's changing memories of their wedding demonstrate memory construction, which is the process by which we actively organize and shape information as it is processed, stored, and retrieved. In this case, their post-divorce emotions and biases may have influenced their recollection of the event, leading them to remember it differently than they did at the time.

Question 6

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information is presented to an individual after an event, which can alter their memory of the original event. This can be especially problematic in cases of sexual abuse where children's recollections may be influenced or distorted by suggestive questioning or false information provided by adults. As a result, the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse can be jeopardized by the misinformation effect. The other options listed may impact memory recall, but do not directly relate to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse.

Question 7

Source amnesia helps to explain

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia refers to the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired, which can contribute to the feeling of déjà vu, where a person feels that a new situation is familiar.

Question 8

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes

Accepted Answer

The explanation for the lack of abuse memories is that the survivors are experiencing retrieval failure, which means they are unable to access the memories of their abuse despite their existence in their long-term memory.

Question 9

Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that

Accepted Answer

Research reports suggest that extremely stressful life experiences are more likely to be encoded in long-term memory and well remembered. This can include traumatic events such as abuse, violence, or natural disasters. This is not to say that every person will remember every traumatic event, but rather that traumatic memories may be more resistant to forgetting. Additionally, research has shown that memories recovered outside of therapy, through self-reflection, discussion with others, or other means, can be just as reliable as memories recovered in therapy.

Question 10

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

Accepted Answer

Forming associations between new material and pre-existing knowledge creates retrieval cues, which can help access memories during recall. This is an effective way to build a network of interconnected memories. Sensory memories refer to brief, initial memories related to specific sensory stimuli. State-dependent memories are memories that are best retrieved in the same physical or emotional state in which they were encoded. Serial position effects refer to the tendency to better remember items at the beginning or end of a list, rather than in the middle.

Question 11

During the process of psychotherapy, Elaine recovered some long-forgotten and painful memories from her childhood. This experience led her to conclude that these memories must have been repressed for many years. Discuss the issues involved in assessing Elaine's claim.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the process of psychotherapy, Elaine recovered...

Question 12

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists is(are) likely to promote false memories in patients?

Accepted Answer

All three techniques (hypnosis, guided imagery, and dream analysis) have the potential to promote false memories in patients. During hypnosis, patients may be more suggestible and prone to constructing false memories. Guided imagery involves the patient visualizing or imagining past events, which could lead to the creation of false memories. Dream analysis involves interpreting the patient's dreams, which could suggest false memories or connections between events that did not actually occur.

Question 13

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

Accepted Answer

Karen's mistaken memories illustrate the concept of source amnesia, where one cannot remember the source of a memory and mistakenly attributes it to their own experiences.

Question 14

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Andre's false recollection of an event that never actually happened is an example of source amnesia, which is the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired while retaining factual knowledge.

Question 15

Dating partners who fall in love tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who break-up tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals who end up falling in love tend to overestimate how much they liked each other when they first met, while those who break-up tend to underestimate how much they liked each other initially. Therefore, the best choice is D, overestimate; underestimate.

Question 16

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half the participants reported experiencing

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu is the feeling that one has seen or experienced something before, even though it is a new experience. In this scenario, the subliminal presentation of the symbols may activate parts of the brain associated with memory retrieval, leading to the feeling of familiarity and the sensation of déjà vu. The other options - misinformation effect, anterograde amnesia, and spacing effect - are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 17

When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of memory construction, which is the process of creating new memories or altering existing ones based on new information or experiences. In this case, individuals are reconstructing their past attitudes towards marijuana based on their current beliefs, which may have been influenced by changing societal norms and personal experiences.

Question 18

By consciously rehearsing facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions occurring throughout the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect refers to the phenomenon that information is better retained when it is studied multiple times over a longer period of time, as opposed to cramming all the information in a single study session. This answer best fits the description of "consciously rehearsing facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions occurring throughout the semester." The other choices are not as applicable in this scenario.

Question 19

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if

Accepted Answer

The answer of When children are interviewed about their recollections...

Question 20

Professor Markus is a brilliant mathematician who is 70 years old and still enjoys teaching. Over the past few years, she has found it increasingly difficult to remember the names of her students. Suggest several possible explanations for the professor's memory problems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Professor Markus is a brilliant mathematician who...

Quiz 26: Forgetting, Memory Construction