The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by

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The testing effect, which shows that active retrieval of information from memory improves long-term retention, is a clear example of the benefits of effortful processing. This contrasts with implicit memory, which occurs without conscious effort or awareness, and repression, which refers to the unconscious blocking of memories. The misinformation effect, on the other hand, pertains to the distortion of memories due to suggestive information, and does not necessarily relate to effortful processing.

The Importance of Effortful Processing for Long-Term Retention Is Best