Question 1

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

Accepted Answer

The Craik and Tulving experiment focused on how people process information at a deeper level, leading to better memory retention. This highlights the effectiveness of deep processing. Choices A, B, and D are not related to the experiment or the findings.

Question 2

Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is an example of the spacing effect, where spacing out learning through repetition and review over time leads to better long-term retention. This is contrasted with cramming, where information is studied intensively over a short period of time and then quickly forgotten. The other answer choices do not accurately describe the phenomenon being discussed. Implicit memory refers to non-conscious, automatic recall, while the serial position effect relates to how the order of items in a list affects recall. Chunking is a memory strategy that involves organizing information into smaller, more meaningful chunks.

Question 3

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

Chunking is a memory technique that involves grouping items into smaller, more manageable units. ROY G. BIV is a mnemonic that groups the colors of the rainbow into a single unit, making them easier to remember.

Question 4

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using

Accepted Answer

Tim is using a mnemonic technique, specifically an acrostic, to remember how to spell "geography."

Question 5

Using your working memory to associate an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with other familiar words that are similar in meaning to the glossary term best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves deep processing, as the brain is actively making connections and associations between the unfamiliar glossary term and already stored information in long-term memory. This requires effortful processing and a focus on the meaning and significance of the term, which are characteristic of deep processing.

Question 6

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies the spacing effect, which suggests that memory is better when studying is spaced out over time rather than using massed practice (cramming).

Question 7

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between

Accepted Answer

Encoding a written word semantically, or based on its meaning, involves deeper processing than encoding it based on its appearance. This demonstrates the distinction between deep and shallow processing, as deep processing involves focusing on the meaning, while shallow processing involves just recognizing the appearance or sound of a word.

Question 8

A mnemonic is a

Accepted Answer

A mnemonic is a memory aid, usually in the form of a phrase or acronym, that helps people remember information. It does not refer to any type of memory storage system like sensory or long-term memory, nor is it a test or measure of memory.

Question 9

Encoding verbal information semantically involves

Accepted Answer

Semantically encoding verbal information requires a deeper level of processing, which involves attaching meaning and personal relevance to the information being processed. This is in contrast to shallow processing, which involves processing information on a surface level, without much attention to meaning or context. Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that stores auditory information, while iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that stores visual information, neither of which are directly related to the process of semantic encoding.

Question 10

The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates

Accepted Answer

The use of mnemonics, such as the peg-word system, requires effortful processing, as it involves consciously associating new information with pre-existing knowledge. Automatic processing (A) would be more related to tasks that require little conscious thought or attention, such as driving a familiar route. The self-reference effect (B) refers to the phenomenon where people remember information better when it is personally relevant to them. Echoic memory (D) refers to sensory memory specific to auditory information.

Question 11

Encoding words based on the appearance of the word's letters involves

Accepted Answer

Encoding words based on the appearance of the word's letters involves shallow processing, which is the least effective way to encode information into long-term memory.

Question 12

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

Accepted Answer

Sherry is using chunking, which is the process of grouping information together to make it easier to remember. In this case, she's grouping the numbers of the reservation number by using the word "Holiday."

Question 13

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

Accepted Answer

Sabrina used hierarchical organization by grouping items into categories based on their function or use. This is a memory strategy that involves organizing information in a structured and meaningful way. In this case, Sabrina organized her list of items based on whether they were food products or nonfood products, and further categorized them based on their specific function. This helped her remember all the items she needed to buy.

Question 14

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

This question is testing our understanding of what aids in memory retention. One technique is the use of imagery to create mental pictures of the word, which helps with encoding and recall. The words "typewriter" and "cigarette" are more likely to create vivid mental images than "process" or "inherent," leading to easier recall.

Question 15

The testing effect is also known as

Accepted Answer

The testing effect refers to the improved long-term retention of information that results from repeated retrieval of that information. It is also known as a retrieval practice effect, as practicing retrieving information from memory strengthens the connections between the pieces of information, making it easier to recall in the future. The spacing effect refers specifically to the idea that spacing out retrieval practice over time can lead to better retention than massed practice. The serial position effect refers to the phenomenon where items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be remembered than items in the middle. The self-reference effect refers to the idea that relating information to oneself can improve retention.

Question 16

Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, and paper towels with a mental image of a tree best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The given scenario describes the use of the peg-word system, which involves associating new information with pre-existing mental images in order to aid memorization.

Question 17

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by

Accepted Answer

The testing effect, which shows that active retrieval of information from memory improves long-term retention, is a clear example of the benefits of effortful processing. This contrasts with implicit memory, which occurs without conscious effort or awareness, and repression, which refers to the unconscious blocking of memories. The misinformation effect, on the other hand, pertains to the distortion of memories due to suggestive information, and does not necessarily relate to effortful processing.

Question 18

Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The ability to recall the positions of players after a 4-second glance suggests that the players are chunking the information into meaningful units, which is a cognitive process that facilitates memory recall. Chunking is a type of implicit memory, which is different from explicit memory that involves conscious awareness of past experiences. Deep processing involves elaborative rehearsal that involves making meaningful connections to information, which may not be the best explanation for this particular task. Mood-congruent memory is a phenomenon where memories are more easily retrieved when the emotional state at encoding matches the emotional state at retrieval, which is also not the best explanation for this task.

Question 19

Which of the following questions would best enable you to remember that you saw the word PEACH on today's test?

Accepted Answer

Associating the word with its meaning (fruit) is likely to be the most effective method for long-term memory recall. The other options do not necessarily provide a meaningful connection to the word itself.

Question 20

Chunking refers to

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of organizing information into meaningful units or chunks in order to increase the capacity of short-term memory. This can help individuals remember and recall larger amounts of information more easily.

Quiz 23: Studying and Building Memories