Question 1

The blocking of goal-directed behaviour is called

Accepted Answer

Frustration occurs when there is a blocking of goal-directed behaviour, causing feelings of aggression or disappointment. Instrumental aggression is aggressive behaviour used to achieve a goal, while hostile aggression is aggressive behaviour with the intention of causing harm. Displacement is the redirection of an impulse or emotion towards a substitute target.

Question 2

Relative deprivation is the likely result of __________ comparison, especially for people with __________ self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation occurs when individuals compare themselves to others who are better off, known as upward comparison, and it is more pronounced in individuals with shaky self-esteem who are more sensitive to such comparisons.

Question 3

We are most likely to displace our aggression onto a target that is

Accepted Answer

The answer of We are most likely to displace our...

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of frustration-induced aggression?

Accepted Answer

Road rage is the best example of frustration-induced aggression as it involves an individual becoming agitated, angry, and sometimes violent due to the stress and frustration caused by traffic or other drivers. The frustration and stress build up, leading to an aggressive outburst towards other drivers or pedestrians. The other options listed involve more complex motivations and circumstances beyond frustration-induced aggression.

Question 5

Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that
...

Question 6

Researchers could study the concept of relative deprivation by measuring the discontent of

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation is the feeling of discontent experienced by people who believe that they have less than they are entitled to or less than what others have. Therefore, all the given choices involve people who may experience relative deprivation based on the conditions described, making D the best answer. A involves participants who are paid unfairly, B involves maids who work for wealthy people and may feel deprived based on the wealth they see around them, and C involves female college teachers who are paid less than their male counterparts despite doing the same job.

Question 7

Jeremy instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

Accepted Answer

The fact that Jeremy's aggression is motivated by gaining attention and respect from his friends suggests that it is a learned response rather than instinctive, a result of frustration, or displacement. He has learned that being aggressive towards younger children earns him respect from his peers, and so he continues to engage in this behavior.

Question 8

People who are facing a severe personal threat often search for a silver lining by

Accepted Answer

People facing a severe personal threat often engage in downward comparison, which involves comparing themselves to others who are worse off, to find a silver lining and feel better about their own situation.

Question 9

Becky has just had a frustrating day in her university classes and while she knows she shouldn't behave aggressively towards her professors, she is angry and ends up taking this out on someone else. Which of the following individuals is Becky most likely to displace her aggression towards?

Accepted Answer

Becky is most likely to displace her aggression towards someone who reminds her of the source of her frustration, in this case, a fellow student who annoys her. The other options do not have any connection to the frustration she experienced in her university classes.

Question 10

Your textbook author describes Marc Lepine's murder of 14 women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal as an example of

Accepted Answer

Marc Lepine's actions were driven by a perceived disparity between his expectations and his attainments, particularly regarding his views on women in engineering, which he saw as taking opportunities away from men like himself. This reflects a frustration-aggression hypothesis rather than instrumental aggression, alcohol effects, or retroactive association.

Question 11

Hennigan and colleagues suggest that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced because the thieves

Accepted Answer

Hennigan and colleagues suggest that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced because of relative deprivation. This means that the thieves felt envious and resentful of the wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements, leading them to commit more thefts in an attempt to obtain similar lifestyle goods. This explanation aligns with Option B, which states that the thieves felt deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements. The other options are not supported by the research.

Question 12

Frustration triggers the most aggression when we perceive the frustration as

Accepted Answer

When we perceive frustration as unjustified, it is often because we believe that we do not deserve the obstacle in our path. This can lead to higher levels of aggression as we feel a sense of injustice and a need to rectify the situation. On the other hand, if we perceive the frustration as inevitable or unwelcome, we may still feel frustrated, but we are less likely to become aggressive as we accept that it is part of the situation or our own choices.

Question 13

Imagine that you've just finished vacuuming when your young daughter races through the house into the bathroom with her muddy shoes still on her feet. According to the revised version of the frustration-aggression theory, in which situation would you be the least angry at your daughter?

Accepted Answer

According to the revised frustration-aggression theory, anger is less likely to occur or be expressed when the individual recognizes a legitimate excuse for the frustrating behavior. In this case, the daughter being ill and unable to take off her muddy shoes is a legitimate excuse for her behavior, and therefore the parent is less likely to feel angry towards the daughter.

Question 14

Arvid didn't work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find he'd gotten a C on it. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arvid's experience is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Arvid's experience is best explained by the relative deprivation principle, which refers to the feeling of discontent that arises from the belief that one has less than others. In this case, Arvid initially felt relieved with his C grade but then became unhappy and angry when he learned that his classmates had performed better than him.

Question 15

A man who is humiliated by his boss berates his wife, who yells at their son, who kicks the dog, which bites the mail carrier. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of displacement, as the man is unable to express his anger towards his boss and instead directs it towards his wife, who then directs it towards their son, and so on. Each person in the chain is displacing their own anger onto someone or something else.

Question 16

According to the text, frustration arises from the gap between

Accepted Answer

The text states that frustration arises from the gap between expectation and attainments. It does not mention daily frustrations or consistent minor irritations as the sole cause of frustration. Therefore, only choice A is the best option.

Question 17

The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation refers to the perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself. This comparison can be based on various aspects such as income, education, social status, and other markers of well-being. It can lead to negative feelings such as resentment, envy, and disillusionment, increasing the risk of depression and other mental health problems.

Question 18

Aggression is _______ likely when we are aroused and it seems safe and rewarding to aggress.

Accepted Answer

When we are aroused (physiologically or emotionally), our inhibitions may lower and we may become more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. Additionally, if the situation seems safe (i.e. low risk of punishment or retaliation) and potentially rewarding (i.e. we may gain something from the aggression), we may be more likely to act aggressively. Therefore, aggression is most likely in these circumstances.

Question 19

Frustration grows when

Accepted Answer

Frustration grows when our motivation to achieve a goal is strong and we expected gratification, but we are completely blocked in attaining our goal. Therefore, all three options listed in the choices (A, B, and C) contribute to the growth of frustration.

Question 20

After arguing with her boyfriend, Peter, over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behaviour most clearly demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Roberta's behaviour of smashing the phone down and throwing it across the room is a clear example of displacement, where her frustration with her boyfriend is displaced onto an object (the phone) instead of directly confronting the source of her anger. The weapons effect is the tendency for the presence of weapons to increase aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions, but there is no mention of weapons in this scenario. Instrumental aggression refers to aggression that is used as a means to achieve a goal, which does not apply here. Parkinson's second law states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion, which is also not relevant to this scenario.

Quiz 10: Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others