Question 1

Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?
A) John rides his bike down his street faster than his friend's street.
B) Jenny is a very careful driver and never drives over the speed limit.
C) If Jake approaches a yellow light while driving he steps on the brake to slow down.
D) Julie does not know how to ride a bike, but is a skilled roller skater.

Accepted Answer

A production is a type of procedural memory that involves learning a sequence of steps to complete a task or reach a goal. Option C describes a specific sequence of actions to take when approaching a yellow light, which fits the definition of a production. Options A, B, and D describe factual information but do not involve a learned sequence of actions.

Question 2

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is encoded in long-term memory as:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Knowing what famous people look like involves storing mental images of their faces in long-term memory. This falls under the category of visual or imagery coding, which is a type of nonverbal representation. Therefore, the best choice is D) images.

Question 3

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is encoded in long-term memory?
A) Mostly as images-how things look, sound, feel, or smell
B) Almost entirely as underlying meanings, or semantic codes
C) Mostly in terms of the words of the first language a person has learned
D) In a variety of possible forms

Accepted Answer

Information in long-term memory can be encoded in a variety of ways, including as images, meanings, language, and other formats. There is no one standardized way in which information is encoded, making choice D the most accurate.

Question 4

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?
A) Aaron answers the question, "Is a barracuda a fish?" faster than he answers the question, "Is a barracuda an animal?"
B) Betsy answers the question, "Is a tree a living thing?" faster than she answers the question, "Is a tree a plant?"
C) When asked to picture a robin in his mind, Colin describes his image in vivid detail.
D) When asked to explain how to climb a tree, Darla describes a detailed series of arm and leg movements.

Accepted Answer

The hierarchy of long-term memory means that information is stored and retrieved through a process of association and categorization. This means that some information is easier to access than others. Option A shows that Aaron is able to answer the question about barracuda faster when it is categorized under "fish" rather than just "animal", which suggests that he is accessing information based on a hierarchical system. Options B, C, and D do not necessarily indicate hierarchical organization of long-term memory.

Question 5

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?
A) Organizing a set of interrelated propositions
B) Remembering information differently than it was stored
C) Knowing how to respond to different environmental conditions
D) Knowing the component parts of an object or event

Accepted Answer

A production involves knowing how to respond to different environmental conditions, such as carrying out a certain task or behavior in response to certain stimuli. This is different from the other answer choices which do not accurately describe a production. A does not pertain to a production, B describes memory retrieval or recall, and D refers to identifying the parts of an object or event.

Question 6

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?
A) Knowing who shot Martin Luther King, Jr.
B) Remembering the twelve months of the year in their correct order
C) Knowing how to keep your balance on a bicycle even on a bumpy road
D) Knowing why the moon has different phases e.g., half moon, full moon)

Accepted Answer

Conceptual knowledge refers to understanding concepts and principles rather than just memorizing facts or procedures. Knowing why the moon has different phases requires an understanding of the Earth's position relative to the sun and moon, and the way that light reflects off the moon's surface. This demonstrates conceptual knowledge.

Question 7

A well-known nursery rhyme e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Nursery rhymes are typically stored in long-term memory as verbal codes because they are remembered through the language and words used in them.

Question 8

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbol as psychologists define the term?
A) The word carpet
B) The honking sound that a goose makes
C) A leaky faucet 
D) Snow

Accepted Answer

Symbols in psychology are objects or terms that represent something beyond their literal meaning. The word "carpet" symbolizes an object beyond just its literal definition, embodying concepts of home, comfort, or style, depending on the context. This aligns with the psychological definition of a symbol, which is an entity that stands for or suggests another entity or concept through an association, resemblance, or convention.

Question 9

Corey understands the general meanings of 20 new vocabulary words, but to prepare for an upcoming quiz, he also memorizes the specific definitions his teacher has provided on a study guide. Two weeks later, he is given a surprise quiz on those vocabulary words. Considering research findings described in the text, we would expect that Corey:
A) Can still remember all the definitions verbatim
B) Can define the general meaning most of the vocabulary words but cannot necessarily remember the original definitions verbatim
C) Can recognize the vocabulary words he studied but cannot define them
D) Can recognize only about 25% of the vocabulary words he studied

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that while rote memorization can result in short-term recall, it may not necessarily lead to long-term retention or deep understanding of the material. Therefore, while Corey may still be able to recall some of the specific definitions, it is more likely that he will remember the general meanings of most of the vocabulary words but not necessarily the exact definitions verbatim. This is because the general meanings have been processed more deeply and connected to prior knowledge, making them easier to retrieve.

Question 10

Jacob knows that lions and tigers are both members of the cat family, and that cats and dogs are all mammals. Which one of the following statements best describes the information Jacob has stored?
A) It is organized as a hierarchy.
B) It is organized as a network.
C) It is encoded in the form of visual images.
D) It is encoded in the form of productions.

Accepted Answer

Jacob's information is organized as a hierarchy, with cats and dogs being the broader categories and lions and tigers being more specific subcategories within the cat family.

Question 11

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?
A) Sasha can easily answer the question, "How old are you?"
B) Roger uses his hands to show the length of a fish he caught last week.
C) Marianne reads aloud a particularly descriptive paragraph from Moby Dick.
D) Jayden appears to be quite surprised to learn that a heavy metal object can float if it's hollow inside.

Accepted Answer

Roger's use of visual gestures to convey the size of the fish he caught suggests that he has encoded the information as visual imagery.

Question 12

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?
A) Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy.
B) Long-term memory is organized as a network.
C) The information is encoded in the form of visual images.
D) The information is encoded in the form of productions.

Accepted Answer

Gretchen's train of thought suggests that long-term memory is organized as a network, in which one concept can lead to the activation of related concepts.

Question 13

You can easily remember your birth date; perhaps you can also remember what you did on your last birthday. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:
A) declarative vs. procedural knowledge
B) semantic vs. episodic memory
C) conceptual vs. conditional knowledge
D) explicit vs. implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to knowledge about facts and events, while procedural knowledge refers to knowledge about how to do something. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world, while episodic memory refers to memories of specific events in one's life. Conceptual knowledge refers to understanding relationships and connections between different concepts, while conditional knowledge refers to knowing what actions to take in specific situations. The difference between knowing one's birth date and remembering what one did on their last birthday is a difference between general knowledge (semantic memory) and specific memories of a personal event (episodic memory). Therefore, B is the best answer. Explicit memory refers to conscious memories that can be intentionally recalled, while implicit memory refers to unconscious memories that affect behavior without conscious awareness. While these terms are related to the concepts of declarative and procedural knowledge, they are not the best answer here.

Question 14

Which one of the following examples best illustrates implicit rather than explicit knowledge?
A) Knowing that vertebrates are animals with backbones
B) Knowing that doing well on the GRE exams is important for getting into graduate school
C) Knowing how to create grammatically correct sentences in everyday conversation
D) Knowing how to use footnotes in a research paper

Accepted Answer

Implicit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to articulate or teach explicitly. Knowing how to create grammatically correct sentences in everyday conversation is an example of implicit knowledge because it is often acquired through exposure and practice rather than explicit instruction. The other choices involve explicit knowledge, which is knowledge that can be easily communicated and taught.

Question 15

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:
A) Modifying the arguments of existing propositions
B) Modifying the relations of existing propositions
C) Connecting one or more new propositions to the network
D) Hierarchically organizing existing propositions within the network

Accepted Answer

Meaningful learning involves connecting new propositions to the existing network. This allows for the integration of new information into the larger network of knowledge. Modifying the arguments or relations of existing propositions may occur as well, but it is not the defining feature of meaningful learning. Hierarchical organization of existing propositions may facilitate the learning process, but it is not the central mechanism of meaningful learning.

Question 16

Memory theorists believe that people encode information in long-term memory in a number of different ways. They also believe that:
A) Propositions are eventually transformed into images.
B) Images represent information more precisely than propositions do.
C) One form of encoding information-the verbal code-is by far the most prevalent.
D) Pieces of information stored in different codes are associated with one another.

Accepted Answer

Memory theorists believe that information can be encoded in different ways, such as verbally, visually or semantically. They also believe that information stored in different codes can be associated with one another, which can aid in retrieval and recall of the information. Therefore, option D is correct. Options A and B are incorrect as they suggest that one form of encoding (either propositions or images) is superior to the other, which is not necessarily true. Option C is also incorrect as there is no evidence to suggest that verbal encoding is the most prevalent form of encoding.

Question 17

Knowledge about the general plot of a novel one has read is probably stored in long-term memory as:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Propositions are statements that convey meaning and are stored in long-term memory. The general plot of a novel involves a sequence of events that can be expressed as propositions, and thus would likely be stored in long-term memory as such. Productions refer to the ways in which information is retrieved from memory, verbal codes involve the use of language to encode and express information, and images involve visual or sensory representations of information. While some of these may play a role in how the plot of a novel is remembered and recalled, propositions are the most likely form in which it is stored in long-term memory.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?
A) Working memory and long-term memory are two components of the memory system that, while occasionally interacting, often function independently of each other.
B) Working memory has several "compartments," enabling a number of unrelated pieces of information to be processed at the same time.
C) In some instances, information stored in the sensory register can move directly into long-term memory.
D) A single piece of information is stored in numerous places in long-term memory, with its retrieval and processing occurring at all locations simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

The notion of parallel distributed processing refers to the idea that information is stored in numerous locations in long-term memory and processing occurs simultaneously at all of these locations. This allows for efficient and rapid retrieval of information. This model suggests that the brain processes information in a parallel rather than serial fashion, with multiple areas of the brain working together in parallel to process and retrieve information.

Question 19

Theorists conceptualize propositions as abstract entities but usually describe them in terms of words. This sentence: Susan gives her brother a big kiss.
Reflects several propositions that are likely to be stored in long-term memory. Three of the statements below reflect propositions contained within the sentence. Which statement does not reflect a proposition contained within the sentence?
A) Susan has a brother.
B) Susan gives the brother a kiss.
C) Susan likes the brother.
D) The kiss is big.

Accepted Answer

The sentence does not explicitly state that Susan likes her brother, so this is not a proposition contained within the sentence. The other three choices reflect propositions that are explicitly stated in the sentence.

Question 20

You know how to use long division to solve a math problem; you also know that 28 divided by 4 equals 7. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:
A) procedural vs. declarative knowledge
B) semantic vs. episodic memory
C) conceptual vs. conditional knowledge
D) explicit vs. implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge relates to knowing how to perform a task or procedure, while declarative knowledge refers to knowing facts or information. Knowing how to use long division is an example of procedural knowledge, while knowing the fact that 28 divided by 4 equals 7 is an example of declarative knowledge.

Quiz 9: Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is encoded in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is encoded in long-term memory?

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?

A well-known nursery rhyme e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbol as psychologists define the term?

Jacob knows that lions and tigers are both members of the cat family, and that cats and dogs are all mammals. Which one of the following statements best describes the information Jacob has stored?

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

You can easily remember your birth date; perhaps you can also remember what you did on your last birthday. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates implicit rather than explicit knowledge?

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:

Memory theorists believe that people encode information in long-term memory in a number of different ways. They also believe that:

Knowledge about the general plot of a novel one has read is probably stored in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?

You know how to use long division to solve a math problem; you also know that 28 divided by 4 equals 7. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between: