Question 1

Compare and contrast positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in terms of their methods and effects.

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Question 2

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also, discuss what effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

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Question 3

Explain what biofeedback is and describe how it can be used to shape behavioral changes in humans. What are the criticisms and limitations of biofeedback?

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Question 4

Describe the findings of Thorndike's experiments and discuss the elements essential for operant conditioning.

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Question 5

Briefly discuss one example of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR. Make sure to describe how long it took you to become conditioned in this example, and variables that could affect how someone else could become conditioned in your example.

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Question 6

Briefly describe how extinction and spontaneous recovery work in classical and in operant conditioning.

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Question 7

Describe Bandura's classic (1965) study on aggression. Explain what conclusions can be drawn from this study and why.

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Question 8

Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical conditioning. In your discussion, explain what backward conditioning is and how it works.

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Question 9

Explain what higher order conditioning is and how it works. Also, explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers.

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Question 10

Name and briefly discuss each of the four schedules of reinforcement. In your discussion, be sure to give an example for each schedule and describe the response pattern that typically results from each schedule.

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Question 11

Explain the concept of preparedness. Also, summarize research findings on food aversion and how it relates to preparedness.

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Question 12

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

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Question 13

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR, and his results.

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Question 14

Briefly describe the types of generalization and discrimination that occur in classical and operant conditioning and explain how each works.

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Question 15

Describe Kohler's and Harlow's research on insight and learning sets. What conclusions can be drawn from this research regarding animals' abilities to learn?

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Quiz 5: Learning