Question 1

When sodium ions flow into a neuron and depolarize it, they create ________.
A) an action potential
B) breakdown of the cell nucleus
C) a relative refractory period
D) internal combustion

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions flowing into a neuron and depolarizing it is what triggers an action potential, which is the electrical signal that allows neurons to communicate with each other.

Question 2

You are a cell in the human nervous system. Your primary function is to provide support for neurons, hold them together, and help remove waste products and other substances, which could otherwise harm them. You are a(n) ________ cell.
A) adipose
B) epidermal
C) glial
D) lymph

Accepted Answer

Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support for neurons. They also play a role in protecting neurons from harmful substances and removing waste products. Adipose cells are fat cells and are not involved in the nervous system. Epidermal cells are skin cells and are not involved in the nervous system. Lymph cells are immune cells and are not directly involved in supporting neurons.

Question 3

Terminal buttons release chemicals called ________.
A) hormones
B) neurotransmitters
C) antibodies
D) antigens

Accepted Answer

Terminal buttons release neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse to the next neuron or effector cell. Hormones are released by glands and travel through the bloodstream to target cells, while antibodies and antigens are involved in the immune response.

Question 4

The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________.
A) insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently
B) receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus
C) provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur
D) provide a soft covering to hold axons in place

Accepted Answer

The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that covers the axons of neurons. Its primary function is to insulate the neuron, which allows for faster and more efficient transmission of information along the axon.

Question 5

A group of axons bundled together is called a ________.
A) nerve
B) synaptic vesicle
C) primary cluster
D) myelinated pathway

Accepted Answer

A group of axons bundled together is called a nerve. Option B is incorrect because synaptic vesicles are not axons bundled together, but rather small sacs in the axon terminals that release neurotransmitters. Option C and D are incorrect because they are not commonly used terms in neuroscience.

Question 6

During its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.
A) smaller than
B) positive compared to
C) negative compared to
D) larger than

Accepted Answer

During its resting state, the inside of the neuron has a negative charge compared to the outside. This is due to an imbalance of ions, with more negatively charged ions inside the neuron and more positively charged ions outside.

Question 7

Neurons that collect messages from sense organs and carry those messages to the spinal cord or the brain are called ________.
A) motor neurons
B) primary neurons
C) sensory neurons
D) interneurons

Accepted Answer

Sensory neurons are responsible for collecting messages from sense organs and transmitting them to the central nervous system. Motor neurons, on the other hand, carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. Primary neurons is not a commonly used term in neuroscience.

Question 8

Another term for a neural impulse is a(n) ________ potential.
A) resting
B) kinetic
C) graded
D) action

Accepted Answer

A neural impulse is also known as an action potential, which is the electrical signal that travels along a neuron's axon to communicate with other neurons or muscles. Resting potential refers to the stable negative charge inside a neuron when it is not actively transmitting a signal, while graded potential refers to a small fluctuation in the neuron's membrane potential that can either increase or decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential. Kinetic potential is a term related to motion, and is not applicable to neural impulses.

Question 9

Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another are called ________.
A) efferent neurons
B) afferent neurons
C) interneurons
D) primary neurons

Accepted Answer

Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another are called interneurons. Efferent neurons carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, while afferent neurons carry messages from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. Primary neurons is not a commonly used term in neurology.

Question 10

The term "gray matter" refers to ________.
A) interneurons
B) myelinated axons
C) unmyelinated axons
D) glial cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term "gray matter" refers to ________.
A)...

Question 11

The language used by neurons to communicate ________.
A) involves simple "yes-no," "on-off" electrochemical impulses
B) is not yet known, despite years of research
C) is extremely flexible and complex, similar to human spoken language
D) involves neurons transitioning from one of four different electrochemical states to another

Accepted Answer

Neurons communicate through simple electrochemical impulses that either fire or do not fire, depending on the strength and timing of the inputs they receive. This binary language allows for complex information processing through patterns of activation across networks of neurons.

Question 12

If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________.
A) resting potential
B) action potential
C) transitional polarization
D) graded potential

Accepted Answer

A shift in electrical charge that is too weak to cause an action potential is called a graded potential. Resting potential refers to the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not receiving any input. Action potential refers to the brief spike in electrical charge that occurs when a neuron fires. Transitional polarization is not a term commonly used in neuroscience.

Question 13

The part of a neuron which contains the nucleus and has a complete set of the neuron's chromosomes and genes is the ________.
A) cell membrane
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) cell body

Accepted Answer

The cell body, also known as the soma or perikaryon, is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It is responsible for carrying out the metabolic and biosynthetic functions necessary for the neuron to survive and operate.

Question 14

Neurons typically have ________.
A) many axons and one dendrite
B) one axon and many dendrites
C) one axon and one dendrite
D) many axons and many dendrites

Accepted Answer

Neurons typically have one axon and many dendrites. The axon is responsible for transmitting electrical signals away from the neuron's cell body, while dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.

Question 15

The function of the neuron's dendrite is to ________.
A) receive messages from neighboring neurons
B) regulate the neuron's life processes
C) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses
D) conduct electrical impulses toward other neurons

Accepted Answer

The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons.

Question 16

The function of the neuron's axon is to ________.
A) conduct outgoing electrical electrochemical impulses toward other neurons, muscles, or glands
B) receive messages from neighboring neurons
C) regulate the neuron's life processes
D) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses

Accepted Answer

The axon is a long extension of the neuron that carries outgoing electrical and electrochemical impulses away from the neuronal cell body towards other neurons, muscles or glands.

Question 17

The field of psychobiology explores the ________.
A) evolution has shaped our instincts, drives, urges, and needs
B) biological foundations of behavior and mental processes
C) ways our mental state affects our physical health
D) behavioral patterns which affect biological development

Accepted Answer

Psychobiology, also known as biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, focuses on the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes. It explores how the brain and nervous system influence behavior, cognition, emotion, and motivation. This field draws on a range of disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, biology, and genetics, to understand the complex interplay between biology and behavior.

Question 18

The brain of the average human being contains approximately 86 billion __________.
A) neurons
B) lobes
C) glands
D) nerves

Accepted Answer

The brain is made up of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body. It is estimated that the human brain contains approximately 86 billion neurons, which are responsible for tasks such as thinking, learning, and controlling bodily functions. Therefore, option A is the best choice for this question.

Question 19

When a neuron is polarized, ________.
A) both positive and negative ions are concentrated inside the neural membrane
B) positive ions are concentrated outside the neural membrane while negative ions are concentrated inside the membrane
C) negative ions are concentrated outside the neural membrane while positive ions are concentrated inside the membrane
D) both positive and negative ions are concentrated outside the neural membrane

Accepted Answer

When a neuron is polarized, positive ions such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are concentrated outside the neural membrane while negative ions such as chloride (Cl-) and protein anions are concentrated inside the membrane. This creates an electrical charge difference across the membrane, with the inside of the neuron being negatively charged relative to the outside.

Question 20

In regard to the brain, the term "plasticity" refers to ________.
A) easily broken or "cracked"
B) ability to adapt to new conditions
C) level of complexity
D) brittleness, or rigidity

Accepted Answer

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt to new conditions, such as learning and experience, by changing its structure and function. It is not related to being easily broken or cracked (A), level of complexity (C), or brittleness or rigidity (D).

Quiz 2: The Biological Basis of Behavior

When sodium ions flow into a neuron and depolarize it, they create ________.

You are a cell in the human nervous system. Your primary function is to provide support for neurons, hold them together, and help remove waste products and other substances, which could otherwise harm them. You are a(n) ________ cell.

Terminal buttons release chemicals called ________.

The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________.

A group of axons bundled together is called a ________.

During its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

Neurons that collect messages from sense organs and carry those messages to the spinal cord or the brain are called ________.

Another term for a neural impulse is a(n) ________ potential.

Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another are called ________.

The term "gray matter" refers to ________.

The language used by neurons to communicate ________.

If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________.

The part of a neuron which contains the nucleus and has a complete set of the neuron's chromosomes and genes is the ________.

Neurons typically have ________.

The function of the neuron's dendrite is to ________.

The function of the neuron's axon is to ________.

The field of psychobiology explores the ________.

The brain of the average human being contains approximately 86 billion __________.

When a neuron is polarized, ________.

In regard to the brain, the term "plasticity" refers to ________.