Question 1

According to Freud, the hidden, unconscious desires expressed indirectly in a dream's symbolic content are its ________ content.
A) secondary
B) manifest
C) primary
D) latent

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the true, underlying meaning of a dream was expressed through its latent content - the unconscious desires and wishes that were disguised and symbolized in the dream imagery. The manifest content, on the other hand, was the surface-level storyline of the dream that could be recalled upon waking.

Question 2

People awakened during REM sleep report vivid, graphic dreams ________ percent of the time.
A) 80 to 85
B) 40 to 45
C) 60 to 65
D) 20 to 25

Accepted Answer

People awakened during REM sleep report vivid, graphic dreams about 80 to 85 percent of the time. This is because REM sleep is the stage of sleep where the brain is most active and where dreaming occurs.

Question 3

Vivid visual and auditory experiences that our minds create primarily during REM periods of sleep are called ________.
A) dreams
B) hallucinations
C) night terrors
D) delusions

Accepted Answer

The description of vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur during REM sleep specifically fits the definition of dreams. Hallucinations may occur during waking hours and are not limited to sleep, night terrors are a distinct sleep disorder characterized by intense fear and panic during deep sleep, and delusions are fixed false beliefs and not related to the sleep state.

Question 4

The dream theory claiming that dreams are a means of strengthening memories crucial to our survival is ________ theory.
A) problem-solving
B) information processing
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

The information processing theory proposes that dreams help strengthen memories important for our survival by processing and consolidating experiences from the day.

Question 5

________ the most common alteration of normal consciousness.
A) Dreams are
B) Drug intoxication is
C) Meditation is
D) Hypnosis is

Accepted Answer

Dreams are the most common alteration of normal consciousness as they occur naturally during sleep and are experienced by everyone regularly.

Question 6

Research has shown that the _____ is very active during dreams.
A) limbic system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) primary visual cortex
D) primary motor cortex

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the limbic system, which is involved in processing emotions, is very active during dreams. This is why emotions can feel intense during dreams and why dreams can sometimes be highly emotional or even disturbing.

Question 7

Freud believed that dreams represent ________.
A) unfulfilled wishes
B) attempts to solve waking problems while asleep
C) hidden, deep-seated psychological problems
D) the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity

Accepted Answer

Freud argued that dreams are the symbolic expression of unconscious wishes and desires that are not able to be fulfilled in waking life.

Question 8

Amanda told her therapist that she had a dream about being in a shopping mall, and not being able to find the exit. The content of this dream, as related by Amanda to her therapist, is what Freud called its ________ content.
A) latent
B) primary
C) manifest
D) secondary

Accepted Answer

The manifest content of a dream is the actual imagery and events that occur in the dream as remembered by the dreamer when they wake up. In this case, Amanda's dream about being in a shopping mall and not being able to find the exit is the manifest content of her dream. The latent content, on the other hand, is the hidden meaning behind the manifest content, which requires interpretation by the therapist. The primary and secondary processes, while important concepts in Freudian theory, do not directly relate to the content of Amanda's dream.

Question 9

If you study hard during the week and then stay up all night on Friday and Saturday, you are likely to ________.
A) remember more of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
B) remember much less of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
C) remember just as much of the material as if you had spent a more restful weekend
D) remember none of the material that you would have remembered had you spent a more restful weekend

Accepted Answer

Staying up all night on Friday and Saturday can lead to sleep deprivation, which can hinder memory consolidation and retention. Therefore, the person is likely to remember much less of the material than if they had spent a more restful weekend.

Question 10

Sleep apnea, if severe, ________ a person's risk of having a stroke or dying.
A) slightly lowers
B) significantly lowers
C) slightly increases
D) can double or triple

Accepted Answer

Severe sleep apnea can double or triple a person's risk of having a stroke or dying.

Question 11

Diego suffers from narcolepsy. Which of the following symptoms is he likely to have?
A) temporary paralysis of the voluntary muscles while awakening from deep sleep
B) lack of REM sleep at night
C) breathing difficulties at night
D) falling asleep without warning during alert activities during the day

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness, and individuals with narcolepsy may have sudden episodes of falling asleep during the daytime, even during activities that normally would keep them awake. Therefore, the best choice is D- falling asleep without warning during alert activities during the day. A is describing sleep paralysis, B is describing REM sleep behavior disorder, and C is describing sleep apnea, which are not typical symptoms of narcolepsy.

Question 12

On the average, people dream ________.
A) once every five or six days
B) once a night
C) several times a night
D) once every two or three days

Accepted Answer

On average, people dream several times a night. Dream cycles happen every 90 minutes during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. Most people have 4-6 dream cycles per night.

Question 13

________ called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious."
A) Freud
B) Adler
C) Jung
D) Hobson and McCarley

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, referred to dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious." Freud believed that dreams were a way for the unconscious mind to communicate with the conscious mind and reveal repressed desires and wishes.

Question 14

Chemical substances that change people's moods, perceptions, and mental functioning are known as ________ drugs.
A) psychoreactive
B) analgesic
C) psychomotor
D) psychoactive

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs are substances that alter one's consciousness, mood, and cognitive processes. They affect the brain's neurotransmitters, producing effects such as euphoria, altered perception, and distortions of reality. Examples of psychoactive drugs include alcohol, caffeine, marijuana, and cocaine, among others.

Question 15

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and loss of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement is ________.
A) cataplexy
B) narcolepsy
C) apnea
D) insomnia

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by sudden episodes of deep sleep during the day, called "sleep attacks," and often triggered by emotional excitement. These episodes can cause a loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, in which a person may collapse or experience temporary paralysis. Apnea is a sleep disorder in which a person's breathing is disrupted during sleep, and insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Question 16

Of all psychoactive substances, ________ has the longest history of widespread use.
A) marijuana
B) nicotine
C) opium
D) alcohol

Accepted Answer

Alcohol has the longest history of widespread use among all psychoactive substances, with evidence of its consumption dating back to ancient civilizations thousands of years ago.

Question 17

People with narcolepsy fall immediately into ________ sleep during a narcoleptic episode.
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 1
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Accepted Answer

People with narcolepsy experience sudden and uncontrollable sleep attacks, during which they fall immediately into REM sleep, skipping the other stages of sleep. Therefore, the correct answer is C - REM sleep.

Question 18

Most episodes of insomnia are ________ and stem from ________.
A) temporary; stressful events
B) chronic; stressful events
C) chronic; underlying psychological problems
D) temporary; underlying psychological problems

Accepted Answer

Most episodes of insomnia are temporary and stem from stressful events, such as work or personal problems, jet lag, or illness. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for months or years, is more likely to stem from underlying psychological or medical problems.

Question 19

Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.
A) 1 to 2
B) 30 to 32
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 22

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.
A) 1...

Question 20

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is ________.
A) cataplexy
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) apnea

Accepted Answer

The sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is called apnea. Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone while awake, insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep, and narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of falling asleep.

Quiz 4: States of Consciousness

According to Freud, the hidden, unconscious desires expressed indirectly in a dream's symbolic content are its ________ content.

People awakened during REM sleep report vivid, graphic dreams ________ percent of the time.

Vivid visual and auditory experiences that our minds create primarily during REM periods of sleep are called ________.

The dream theory claiming that dreams are a means of strengthening memories crucial to our survival is ________ theory.

________ the most common alteration of normal consciousness.

Research has shown that the _____ is very active during dreams.

Freud believed that dreams represent ________.

Amanda told her therapist that she had a dream about being in a shopping mall, and not being able to find the exit. The content of this dream, as related by Amanda to her therapist, is what Freud called its ________ content.

If you study hard during the week and then stay up all night on Friday and Saturday, you are likely to ________.

Sleep apnea, if severe, ________ a person's risk of having a stroke or dying.

Diego suffers from narcolepsy. Which of the following symptoms is he likely to have?

On the average, people dream ________.

________ called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious."

Chemical substances that change people's moods, perceptions, and mental functioning are known as ________ drugs.

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and loss of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement is ________.

Of all psychoactive substances, ________ has the longest history of widespread use.

People with narcolepsy fall immediately into ________ sleep during a narcoleptic episode.

Most episodes of insomnia are and stem from .

Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is ________.