Question 1

Which of the following is true about high-protein diets?
A) High-protein diets tend to promote long-term weight loss better than diets with less protein.
B) High-protein diets reduce hunger and increase satiety between meals.
C) High-protein diets reduce cardiovascular disease risk more than other diets.
D) High-protein diets are characterized by protein intakes comprising 10% to 35% of total calories.
E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that high-protein diets can reduce hunger and increase satiety between meals, which may help with weight loss. However, there is no clear evidence that high-protein diets lead to long-term weight loss. Additionally, while some studies suggest that high-protein diets may have some cardiovascular benefits, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between protein intake and heart health. High-protein diets are generally characterized by protein intakes comprising 20% to 35% of total calories.

Question 2

Which condition is most likely to produce negative nitrogen balance?
A) the third trimester of pregnancy
B) growth during puberty
C) an individual starting resistance exercise training
D) an older person bedridden because of a hip fracture
E) recovery from a burn

Accepted Answer

An older person bedridden because of a hip fracture is most likely to produce negative nitrogen balance due to the lack of physical activity and increased muscle breakdown, resulting in more nitrogen excretion than intake. In contrast, the other options all involve periods of increased protein synthesis or retention, which would result in a positive nitrogen balance.

Question 3

Which contributes high-quality protein with the lowest amount of saturated fat?
A) a 1-ounce slice of American cheese
B) a 3-ounce ground beef patty
C) 3 ounces of turkey breast
D) a cup of whole milk
E) 3 ounces of grilled salmon

Accepted Answer

Turkey breast is a lean protein source with less saturated fat compared to ground beef and cheese. Grilled salmon is also a good source of protein but has slightly more saturated fat than turkey breast. Whole milk and American cheese are high in saturated fat and not recommended as the best sources of high-quality protein.

Question 4

Which food is considered a low-quality source of protein?
A) quinoa
B) soy products
C) low-fat dairy products
D) egg whites
E) brown rice

Accepted Answer

Brown rice is considered a low-quality source of protein because it does not contain all nine essential amino acids in sufficient amounts, making it an incomplete protein source compared to the others listed.

Question 5

A child suffering from protein malnutrition has a swollen belly appearance due to:
A) eating too many fatty foods.
B) eating too many starchy foods.
C) not eating enough protein for tissue fluid balance.
D) not eating enough protein for pH balance in the blood.
E) not eating enough protein for lean body mass.

Accepted Answer

Protein is necessary for maintaining fluid balance in tissues. In the absence of adequate protein intake, fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, leading to a swollen belly appearance known as "kwashiorkor". Eating too many fatty or starchy foods would not cause this symptom. Protein is also important for maintaining lean body mass and pH balance in the blood, but these are not directly related to the swollen belly appearance in protein malnutrition.

Question 6

To prevent toxic buildup of ammonia in the body with high protein intake:
A) the kidneys convert ammonia to the less toxic uric acid.
B) the kidneys convert ammonia to the less toxic urea.
C) the muscles convert ammonia to urea for use as fuel.
D) the liver stores the ammonia.
E) the liver converts ammonia to the less toxic urea.

Accepted Answer

The liver converts ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea, which is less toxic and can be safely excreted by the kidneys.

Question 7

What two steps are required for protein synthesis?
A) translation and protein folding
B) transcription and translation
C) transcription and translocation
D) translation and denaturation
E) transcription and deamination

Accepted Answer

The two steps required for protein synthesis are transcription (which occurs in the nucleus) and translation (which occurs in the cytoplasm). During transcription, the information encoded in DNA is used to make a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA molecule then carries this information to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it is used to assemble a protein through the process of translation. Therefore, option B (transcription and translation) is the correct answer.

Question 8

If a weight lifter consumes protein drinks beyond her protein and caloric needs, what will happen to the extra protein?
A) Extra protein will increase lean body mass.
B) Extra protein will be stored as amino acids in the muscle.
C) Extra protein will be cause kidney damage.
D) Extra protein will be transformed into fat and stored.
E) Extra protein will cause edema and fatty liver.

Accepted Answer

Extra protein consumed beyond the body's protein and caloric needs will be transformed into fat and stored. This can lead to weight gain and potentially other health problems.

Question 9

A patient with low protein intake has brittle hair and nails. You suspect this symptom may be due to the patient consuming insufficient protein for:
A) hormone regulation.
B) antibody synthesis.
C) tissue fluid balance.
D) proper blood pH balance.
E) collagen synthesis.

Accepted Answer

Collagen is a structural protein found in hair and nails, and insufficient protein intake can lead to weakening and brittleness of these tissues. Hormone regulation, antibody synthesis, tissue fluid balance, and blood pH balance all require protein, but they are not directly related to the health of hair and nails.

Question 10

Before converting protein to glucose or fat, the _____ must be removed.
A) amino group
B) carbon skeleton
C) oxygen group
D) hydrogen group
E) None of these.

Accepted Answer

The amino group must be removed before converting protein to glucose or fat. The carbon skeleton may be used for energy or converted to glucose or fat, but the amino group must be eliminated as it contains nitrogen which cannot be stored in the body. This process of removing the amino group is called deamination.

Question 11

In the stomach, protein is digested by:
A) amino transporters and aminopeptidase.
B) hydrochloric acid and salivary proteases.
C) pepsin and pancreatic proteases.
D) salivary proteases and pepsin.
E) hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Accepted Answer

Protein digestion in the stomach is primarily carried out by the enzyme pepsin, which is activated by the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the correct choice is E, which includes both hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Question 12

Which substance is NOT involved in protein digestion?
A) pepsin
B) hydrochloric acid
C) salivary proteases
D) brush border enzymes
E) pancreatic proteases

Accepted Answer

Salivary proteases do not play a significant role in protein digestion. They are present in the mouth and help break down some proteins during chewing, but their action is limited and mostly inactive by the acidic environment of the stomach. The other choices (A, B, D, and E) are all involved in protein digestion in the stomach and small intestine. Pepsin and hydrochloric acid are secreted by the stomach and start the breakdown of proteins. Brush border enzymes and pancreatic proteases are secreted by the small intestine and help further break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

Question 13

Which adult individual does not require a greater amount of protein than the RDA (0.8 g protein per kg of body weight per day)?
A) an endurance and strength athlete
B) a middle-age individual starting a fitness program
C) a pregnant woman
D) an elderly individual with muscle atrophy
E) a patient with a burn injury

Accepted Answer

Among the options provided, a middle-age individual starting a fitness program is the only category that might not require a greater amount of protein than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g protein per kg of body weight per day. Endurance and strength athletes, pregnant women, elderly individuals with muscle atrophy, and patients with burn injuries typically have increased protein needs to support muscle repair, growth, and overall recovery.

Question 14

All of these are included in the calculation of nitrogen balance EXCEPT:
A) urinary nitrogen loss.
B) fecal nitrogen loss.
C) protein intake.
D) musculoskeletal composition.
E) nitrogen loss from skin, sweat, and hair.

Accepted Answer

Musculoskeletal composition is not included in the calculation of nitrogen balance as it is not a direct measure of nitrogen intake and loss. Nitrogen balance is the difference between nitrogen intake (primarily from dietary protein) and nitrogen excretion (primarily through urine and feces, but also through skin, sweat, and hair). By comparing nitrogen intake and excretion, it is possible to determine if an individual's protein needs are being met. Musculoskeletal composition may indirectly influence nitrogen balance through changes in lean body mass, but it is not directly measured or included in the calculation.

Question 15

What happens if the shape of a protein is altered?
A) Protein function is affected.
B) Nutritional value is decreased.
C) Nutritional value is increased.
D) The protein is rendered indigestible.
E) Caloric value is changed.

Accepted Answer

The structure of a protein is directly related to its function, and any changes to the shape can affect its ability to carry out that function. Therefore, altering the shape of a protein can have significant consequences for its function.

Question 16

Which is NOT true about a child with kwashiorkor?
A) The child's protein requirements are not met.
B) The child's caloric needs may be met.
C) The child has a plump appearance because of edema.
D) The child is at higher risk of infections.
E) The child is likely to be breastfed.

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition that occurs when a child's diet lacks sufficient protein. One of the characteristic features of kwashiorkor is edema, which can give the child a plump appearance. Children with kwashiorkor may be able to meet their caloric needs, but they are not getting enough protein. This puts them at higher risk for infections and can impair growth and development. While breastfeeding can help prevent kwashiorkor, a child who already has the condition requires more protein than breast milk can provide. Therefore, it is not true that a child with kwashiorkor is likely to be breastfed.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about protein consumption in athletes?
A) Many athletes use high-protein bars and shakes to supplement their protein intake.
B) There is a consensus among experts that athletes need more protein than they are currently consuming.
C) Evidence suggests that athletes may be less efficient than nonathletes at using amino acids, contributing to a higher need for protein.
D) Protein intake is the single most important factor contributing to an athlete's performance.
E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Athletes often use high-protein supplements like bars and shakes to meet their increased protein needs for muscle repair and growth. There isn't a consensus that athletes need more protein than they currently consume (B), and it's not proven that athletes are less efficient at using amino acids (C). Protein intake, while important, is not the single most important factor in an athlete's performance (D), as hydration, carbohydrate intake, and overall diet balance also play crucial roles.

Question 18

Which of the following are plant foods that are considered high-quality protein sources?
A) fruits (avocado, banana)
B) tofu and quinoa
C) broccoli and squash
D) peanuts and tree nuts
E) enriched white rice

Accepted Answer

Tofu and quinoa are both considered high-quality protein sources because they contain all the essential amino acids that our bodies need. A, C, D, and E are not considered high-quality protein sources.

Question 19

Pancreatic proteases in the small intestines break polypeptides into:
A) transport proteins.
B) amino acids.
C) proteases.
D) peptide fragments.
E) actin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pancreatic proteases in the small intestines break...

Question 20

Which of the following is true about insect consumption?
A) Edible insects are a significant source of protein globally.
B) Ounce for ounce, some insects have a higher protein content than beef.
C) Insects produce a lower amount of greenhouse gases than traditional animal sources of protein.
D) In some African communities, insects make up about 10% of total protein intake.
E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true about insect consumption. Edible insects are a significant source of protein globally, with some insects having a higher protein content than beef ounce for ounce. Insects also produce lower amounts of greenhouse gases than traditional animal sources of protein. In some African communities, insects can make up about 10% of total protein intake.

Quiz 6: Protein

Which of the following is true about high-protein diets?

Which condition is most likely to produce negative nitrogen balance?

Which contributes high-quality protein with the lowest amount of saturated fat?

Which food is considered a low-quality source of protein?

A child suffering from protein malnutrition has a swollen belly appearance due to:

To prevent toxic buildup of ammonia in the body with high protein intake:

What two steps are required for protein synthesis?

If a weight lifter consumes protein drinks beyond her protein and caloric needs, what will happen to the extra protein?

A patient with low protein intake has brittle hair and nails. You suspect this symptom may be due to the patient consuming insufficient protein for:

Before converting protein to glucose or fat, the _____ must be removed.

In the stomach, protein is digested by:

Which substance is NOT involved in protein digestion?

Which adult individual does not require a greater amount of protein than the RDA (0.8 g protein per kg of body weight per day) ?

All of these are included in the calculation of nitrogen balance EXCEPT:

What happens if the shape of a protein is altered?

Which is NOT true about a child with kwashiorkor?

Which of the following is true about protein consumption in athletes?

Which of the following are plant foods that are considered high-quality protein sources?

Pancreatic proteases in the small intestines break polypeptides into:

Which of the following is true about insect consumption?