Question 1

Many health problems are affected by __________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.
A)psychological factors
B)sociocultural factors
C)biological factors
D)environmental factors

Accepted Answer

Psychological factors such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior have a significant impact on health problems. For example, stress and anxiety can worsen symptoms of conditions such as asthma and irritable bowel syndrome. Depression can negatively affect heart health and increase the risk of stroke. Therefore, addressing psychological factors is essential in treating and preventing many health problems.

Question 2

Connor was anxious because his taxi was stuck in traffic. The impact of the sympathetic activity, which was triggered due to anxiety, eventually stabilized as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is most likely in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.
A)alarm reaction stage
B)resistance stage
C)exhaustion stage
D)resilience stage

Accepted Answer

The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by the body's attempt to restore lost energy and repair damage caused by the initial stress response. Since Connor's body is attempting to do this after the initial sympathetic response, he is most likely in the resistance stage. The alarm reaction stage is the initial response to stress, while the exhaustion stage occurs if the stress response is prolonged and the body is unable to activate the necessary responses to combat the stress. There is no resilience stage in the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 3

If you have a(n) _______ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.
A)internal
B)external
C)high
D)low

Accepted Answer

An internal locus of control refers to the belief that one has control over their life and outcomes, including when they receive reinforcers, as opposed to an external locus of control, where individuals believe their lives are controlled by external factors.

Question 4

__________ can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.
A)Irrational beliefs
B)Life changes
C)Daily hassles
D)Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Accepted Answer

Life changes can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress as they require individuals to adapt to new circumstances.

Question 5

Which of the following nationalities has the highest death rate from cancer?
A)Thailand
B)Philippines
C)Japan
D)Japanese Americans

Accepted Answer

Japanese Americans have a higher death rate from cancer compared to Japan or other Asian countries. This is thought to be due to the adoption of a Western lifestyle and diet after immigrating to the United States.

Question 6

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole __________.
A)exhibits low self-efficacy expectations
B)is psychologically hardy
C)is indulging in irrational beliefs
D)is catastrophizing

Accepted Answer

Carole's ability to resist illness despite being severely stressed and her belief that change is normal and can be faced well indicate psychological hardiness. This trait includes three components: commitment (a sense of purpose or involvement in activities), challenge (perceiving change as normal and an opportunity for growth), and control (belief in one's ability to influence outcomes). None of the other options (low self-efficacy expectations, indulging in irrational beliefs, catastrophizing) apply to Carole based on the information given.

Question 7

__________ is an environmental hassle.
A)Job security
B)Illness
C)Isolation
D)Crime

Accepted Answer

Crime is considered an environmental hassle because it relates to the conditions and circumstances in one's surroundings that can cause stress or harm, impacting the overall quality of life and community well-being.

Question 8

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?
A)Long-term stress typically helps prevent infection from wounds.
B)Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system.
C)Short-term stress inhibits the functioning of the endocrine system.
D)Stress suppresses the hypothalamus and adrenal cortex.

Accepted Answer

In the general adaptation syndrome, short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system. This is because short-term stress triggers an increase in cortisol levels, which helps to mobilize immune cells and enhance their response to potential threats. However, chronic stress has been shown to have the opposite effect, suppressing immune function and increasing the risk of infection and other health problems.

Question 9

__________ is referred to as the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
A)Type A behavior
B)Type B behavior
C)Passive behavior
D)Insecure behavior

Accepted Answer

The coronary-prone behavior pattern is associated with Type A behavior, which is characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitiveness, hostility, and aggression. Individuals with this behavior pattern may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 10

_________ is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing.
A)Emotional concern
B)Instrumental aid
C)Appraisal
D)Socializing

Accepted Answer

Appraisal is the correct choice as it refers to the type of emotional support in which feedback is provided by others about one's performance or behavior. Emotional concern refers to the empathy and understanding provided by others, instrumental aid refers to practical assistance, and socializing refers to the interaction with others for leisure purposes.

Question 11

Scott was invited by his boyfriend to either go see a movie he was not interested in or a party wher he did not like the host. This is an example of ________ conflict.
A)avoidance-avoidance
B)approach-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict because Scott is presented with two options, both of which he wants to avoid: seeing a movie he is not interested in or attending a party where he does not like the host.

Question 12

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline ________.
A)slows down the respiration rate
B)forces the body to enter the exhaustion stage
C)arouses the body by accelerating the heart rate
D)suppresses the release of glucose from the liver

Accepted Answer

The mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline, also known as the fight-or-flight hormones, activate the sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body for action. This arousal response includes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate to provide the body with more oxygen and glucose to support physical activity. Therefore, choice C - "arouses the body by accelerating the heart rate" - is the correct answer.

Question 13

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?
A)Commitment.
B)Challenge.
C)Control.
D)Humor.

Accepted Answer

The professor exhibits commitment, as he is actively participating in extra-curricular activities in addition to his normal duties. Commitment is one of the three characteristics of psychological hardiness proposed by Kobasa, along with challenge and control. Humor is not considered one of the characteristics of psychological hardiness.

Question 14

__________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.
A)Homeostasis
B)Self-actualization
C)Self-efficacy
D)Conflict

Accepted Answer

Conflict is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, self-actualization is the realization of one's full potential, and self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. None of these concepts accurately describe the feeling of being pulled in different directions.

Question 15

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to __________.
A)feel alienated from what they were doing
B)have an external locus of control
C)appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth
D)be low in perceived control over their lives

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, psychologically hardy executives tended to appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as they do not align with the characteristics of psychologically hardy executives mentioned in the passage.

Question 16

The immune system combats diseases ________.
A)by producing red blood cells, which engulf and kill pathogens
B)by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction
C)by decreasing the flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the damaged area, causing the redness, swelling, and warmth that characterize inflammation
D)by inhibiting endocrine and sympathetic activity

Accepted Answer

The immune system combats diseases by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction. This is the primary method by which the immune system fights off pathogens and other disease-causing agents. Red blood cells do not play a direct role in the immune system, and inflammation is a secondary response that occurs as a result of immune activity rather than a direct means of combating disease. Finally, while the immune system can interact with other systems in the body, it does not inhibit endocrine and sympathetic activity as a means of fighting disease.

Question 17

The __________ is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome.
A)alarm reaction stage
B)exhaustion stage
C)latency stage
D)resistance stage

Accepted Answer

The first stage in the general adaptation syndrome is the alarm reaction stage, which is characterized by the body's initial response to a stressor. This response can include the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, as well as physiological changes like increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 18

Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. Eric most likely has ______.
A)generalized anxiety
B)hypotension
C)essential hypertension
D)bipolar disorder

Accepted Answer

Essential hypertension is high blood pressure with no specific cause. Options A, B, and D are unrelated to high blood pressure.

Question 19

Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to predict?
A)Schizophrenia, cancer, anxiety, and depression.
B)Cancer, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression.
C)Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and personality disorders.
D)Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression.

Accepted Answer

Stress has been found to predict physical health problems such as heart disease and cancer, as well as psychological health problems such as anxiety and depression. Option A includes schizophrenia, which has not been consistently linked to stress as a predictor. Option B includes post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a specific type of anxiety disorder and is already included under the broader category of anxiety in option D. Option C also includes personality disorders, which have not been consistently linked to stress as a predictor.

Question 20

When an individual experiences fatigue because of ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has most likely reached the __________ of the general adaptation syndrome.
A)resistance stage
B)alarm stage
C)exhaustion stage
D)reaction stage

Accepted Answer

The general adaptation syndrome is a model explaining how the body responds to stress. It has three stages: the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage. The alarm stage is the initial stage when the body first recognizes and responds to the stressor. The resistance stage is the second stage when the body adapts to the stressor and tries to cope with it. The exhaustion stage is the final stage when the body can no longer cope with the stressor and becomes fatigued, which can lead to illness or diseases. Therefore, when an individual experiences fatigue and becomes ill because of ongoing stress, it indicates that he or she has reached the exhaustion stage.

Quiz 11: Stress, Health, and Coping

Many health problems are affected by __________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

Connor was anxious because his taxi was stuck in traffic. The impact of the sympathetic activity, which was triggered due to anxiety, eventually stabilized as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is most likely in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.

If you have a(n) _______ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

__________ can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.

Which of the following nationalities has the highest death rate from cancer?

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole __________.

__________ is an environmental hassle.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?

__________ is referred to as the coronary-prone behavior pattern.

_________ is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing.

Scott was invited by his boyfriend to either go see a movie he was not interested in or a party wher he did not like the host. This is an example of ________ conflict.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline ________.

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

__________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to __________.

The immune system combats diseases ________.

The __________ is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome.

Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. Eric most likely has ______.

Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to predict?

When an individual experiences fatigue because of ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has most likely reached the __________ of the general adaptation syndrome.