Question 1

___________suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

Accepted Answer

Institutional theory suggests that organizations and institutions, including those involved in humanitarian aid or illegal smuggling, can facilitate and increase migration flows by providing the means, resources, or incentives for people to move from one country to another. This theory emphasizes the role of formal and informal institutions in shaping migration patterns beyond individual economic decisions or social networks.

Question 2

During the demographic transition stage of ___________, birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full- time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

Accepted Answer

In the postindustrialization stage, birth rates decline due to factors like increased female employment and higher child-rearing costs, leading to slow or stable population growth.

Question 3

Malthus argued that, if left unchecked, the earth's population would exceed the___________ .

Accepted Answer

In his famous work "An Essay on the Principle of Population", Malthus argued that the earth's population would eventually exceed the available food supply, leading to poverty, famine, and other social problems. He believed that without checks on population growth, such as war, disease, or moral restraint, this scenario was inevitable. While advancing technology has since increased food production and distribution capabilities, Malthus' theory remains relevant in many parts of the world where access to adequate food and resources is limited.

Question 4

For economist Thomas Malthus,___________ is the only acceptable preventive check on population.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Malthus believed that moral restraint or celibacy was the only acceptable preventive check on population growth. He believed that population growth would always outstrip the necessary resources, leading to poverty, famine, and disease. Therefore, he argued that individuals should limit their reproduction to prevent these negative consequences. Malthus was opposed to artificial birth control methods and believed that they would only encourage reckless behavior and exacerbate the population problem.

Question 5

English economist___________, one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population, argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

Accepted Answer

The statement is a famous quote from Thomas Malthus, the English economist who wrote extensively on population and its effects on society. He argued that population growth would inevitably outpace food production, leading to famine and social unrest. This became known as the "Malthusian theory of population."

Question 6

During the demographic transition stage of ___________, very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.

Accepted Answer

The demographic transition model describes the historical shift of populations from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they undergo industrialization and urbanization. During the advanced industrialization and urbanization stage, birth rates and death rates are both low, resulting in slow population growth. In preindustrial societies, birth and death rates are both high, while in agriculturalism and early industrialization, birth rates remain high while death rates decrease, leading to rapid population growth.

Question 7

Once a flow of international migration has begun, the pattern may continue because immigrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who are potential migrants to the new country. This is the essence of ___________.

Accepted Answer

This is the essence of network theory, which emphasizes the importance of social networks and personal relationships in facilitating and perpetuating patterns of migration.

Question 8

During the demographic transition stage of ___________, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high whereas death rates decline due to improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition.

Accepted Answer

The demographic transition model has four stages. During the second stage, which is early industrialization, birth rates remain high while death rates decline due to advances in public health, sanitation, and nutrition. This leads to a significant increase in population growth. The other options (postindustrialization, advanced industrialization and urbanization, preindustrial societies) do not describe this specific stage of the demographic transition model.

Question 9

A conflict perspective on migration, the___________ suggests that immigrants from low-income countries are often recruited for secondary labor market positions in other countries. Workers from high-income countries are recruited for primary-sector employment.

Accepted Answer

Split-labor-market theory suggests that there are two levels of employment in a labor market- primary and secondary. Primary employment is higher-paying, secure, and requires specialized skills, while secondary employment is lower paying, insecure, and requires low skills. According to this theory, immigrants from low-income countries are often recruited for secondary labor market positions in other countries, while workers from high-income countries are recruited for primary-sector employment.

Question 10

According to the ___________perspective, overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems, ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

Accepted Answer

The idea that overpopulation and rapid population growth lead to environmental problems is a key principle of neo-Malthusianism. Thomas Malthus was an economist who argued that population growth would eventually outstrip the planet's carrying capacity, leading to famine and other problems. Neo-Malthusians take this argument further, suggesting that population growth exacerbates a wide range of environmental problems, including climate change and resource depletion. The Marxist perspective is focused on issues of class struggle and economic inequality, while the demographic transition theory describes the process by which countries move from high birth and death rates to low ones as they develop.

Question 11

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The ___________assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

Accepted Answer

The neoclassical economic approach assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor. This theory suggests that people will migrate from areas with lower wages to areas with higher wages, as well as from areas with higher unemployment to areas with more job opportunities.

Question 12

The enduring significant contribution of Marx and Engels to the study of demography is the suggestion that ____________.

Accepted Answer

Marx and Engels argued that the problems of scarcity and access to resources, including food, were primarily due to the inequalities and dynamics of capitalist economies, rather than being a simple matter of overpopulation. They believed that poverty and the distribution of resources were central issues, rather than the Malthusian perspective of population growth outstripping food supply (B), or the inevitability of disaster-led population checks (C), or the focus on technology's use (D).

Question 13

A population pyramid that is actually pyramidal in shape is likely to pertain to a(n)___________ .

Accepted Answer

A population pyramid that is actually pyramidal in shape (i.e., wider at the base and narrower at the top) indicates a high-fertility country, where there is high population growth due to a large number of young people.

Question 14

During the demographic transition stage of___________ , little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.

Accepted Answer

During the preindustrial societies stage of demographic transition, little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.

Question 15

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective, the greatest crisis today facing low- income nations is ___________, not a food shortage.

Accepted Answer

According to Marxist economists, the greatest crisis facing low-income nations is a capital shortage, which leads to underinvestment, lack of industrialization, and dependence on foreign aid and loans. This perpetuates a cycle of poverty and hinders economic development, making it difficult to address other issues such as food shortage or lack of access to contraception. War and natural disasters can also contribute to economic instability, but the root cause is often linked to the lack of capital and economic exploitation by more powerful nations.

Question 16

___________refers to one explanation of the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

Accepted Answer

The demographic transition refers to the process of societal change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates resulting from modernization and technological development. The concept explains how changes in social and economic factors lead to a decline in fertility rates and mortality rates.

Question 17

___________suggests that as the natural resources, land, and workforce in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

Accepted Answer

World systems theory suggests that as low-income countries come under the influence of international markets, there is a corresponding flow of migrants to high-income countries.

Question 18

The most commonly used graphic depiction of the age/sex distribution of a population is called a(n)___________ .

Accepted Answer

A population pyramid is a graphical representation of a population's age and sex composition. It consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups. These groups are typically listed vertically along the left side of the graph and go from youngest at the bottom to oldest at the top. The shape of the pyramid can provide insights into the demographic trends and future changes in a population.

Question 19

Neo-Malthusians refer to ___________as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

Accepted Answer

This definition of zero population growth is commonly used by Neo-Malthusians to describe a point where population growth has stabilized.

Question 20

English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression whereas the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus, a ___________occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the...

Quiz 15: Population and Urbanization