Question 1

In patients with elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels, monounsaturated fat intake should be:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that replacing saturated fat with monounsaturated fat can lead to a reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. The American Heart Association recommends that monounsaturated fat intake should make up to 20% of energy intake for individuals with high LDL cholesterol levels. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 2

The class of lipoproteins that has the highest lipid content is:

Accepted Answer

Chylomicrons have the highest lipid content among all lipoproteins. They are synthesized in the small intestine and transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to various parts of the body. VLDL, LDL, and IDL have lower lipid content compared to chylomicrons.

Question 3

The function of lipoproteins in body metabolism is to transport:

Accepted Answer

Lipoproteins transport lipids to and from the cells. Triglycerides are a type of lipid, but lipoproteins also transport cholesterol, phospholipids and various other types of lipids. Furthermore, lipoproteins do not transport proteins to or from cells.

Question 4

The classes of lipoproteins that carry the most triglyceride by weight are:

Accepted Answer

Chylomicrons and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) carry the most triglycerides by weight. Chylomicrons are produced in the intestine after the absorption of dietary fats and VLDL is produced in the liver to transport endogenously synthesized lipids. LDL (low-density lipoprotein) carries mostly cholesterol, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) carries mostly protein and cholesterol.

Question 5

In nutritional management of high serum cholesterol levels, TLC stands for:

Accepted Answer

TLC stands for therapeutic lifestyle changes, which is a type of dietary approach that emphasizes low saturated fat and cholesterol intake, increased physical activity, and weight management to lower serum cholesterol levels. It is a recognized dietary strategy recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) for individuals with high cholesterol levels.

Question 6

Soluble fibers are believed to be beneficial for preventing heart disease because they:

Accepted Answer

Soluble fibers bind to cholesterol in the digestive system and prevent it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can lead to lower LDL cholesterol levels and a reduced risk of heart disease. Choice A, C, and D do not relate to the beneficial effects of soluble fibers on heart disease prevention.

Question 7

Fats high in polyunsaturated fats include:

Accepted Answer

Liquid vegetable oils such as canola, sunflower, and soybean oils are high in polyunsaturated fats and are a healthier choice compared to other sources such as stick margarine or hydrogenated oils. Butter is high in saturated fats and not a good source of polyunsaturated fats.

Question 8

The protein component that attaches itself to lipoproteins and has a significant effect on function is:

Accepted Answer

Apolipoproteins are the protein component that attaches to the surface of lipoproteins and have a significant effect on their function. They are responsible for regulating lipid metabolism, serving as ligands for receptors, and activating lipases. Cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipoprotein lipase are also important components of lipoproteins, but they do not attach to lipoproteins in the same way as apolipoproteins do.

Question 9

Foods high in monounsaturated fats include:

Accepted Answer

Nuts, such as almonds, pecans, and peanuts, are high in monounsaturated fats.

Question 10

In the process of atherosclerosis:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries, which can lead to narrowing and hardening of the arteries. This can result in reduced blood flow to organs and tissues, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other health issues.

Question 11

The class of lipoproteins that is most responsible for atherosclerosis and is considered "bad cholesterol" is:

Accepted Answer

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is considered the "bad cholesterol" because it carries cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, including the walls of arteries, where it can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 12

The type of lipoprotein that is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease is:

Accepted Answer

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is considered the "good" cholesterol and is protective against cardiovascular disease. HDL helps to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it to the liver for excretion. Chylomicrons, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) are all considered "bad" cholesterol and are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 13

A desirable blood cholesterol level is:

Accepted Answer

A desirable blood cholesterol level is less than 200 mg/dL. Higher levels increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Question 14

According to TLC recommendations, a type of fatty acid that should be avoided as much as possible is:

Accepted Answer

Trans fatty acids are known to increase LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and decrease HDL (good) cholesterol levels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, they should be avoided as much as possible. Saturated fatty acids, on the other hand, should be limited to less than 10% of daily calorie intake, but they are not recommended to be avoided completely. Short-chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for health and should be included in the diet in appropriate amounts.

Question 15

The major principle that guides nutrition planning for clients who have coronary heart disease is:

Accepted Answer

The major principle that guides nutrition planning for clients who have coronary heart disease is the reduction of saturated fat intake. This is because saturated fat intake can increase blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease. While it is important to also limit dietary cholesterol and increase fiber intake, the reduction of saturated fat is the primary focus. Unsaturated fats, such as those found in fish, nuts, and seeds, should still be included in the diet in moderation.

Question 16

Several types of blood lipoproteins are synthesized in the:

Accepted Answer

The liver is the primary organ responsible for synthesizing and secreting various types of blood lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). The other listed organs do not play a significant role in the synthesis of blood lipoproteins.

Question 17

Good sources of soluble dietary fiber include:

Accepted Answer

Oatmeal is a good source of soluble dietary fiber, while cereal grains may contain some, but not all, types of dietary fiber. Animal protein and root vegetables do not contain significant amounts of soluble dietary fiber.

Question 18

Development of coronary heart disease is related to:

Accepted Answer

Coronary heart disease is characterized by the buildup of fibrous plaques in the coronary vessels, which can lead to narrowed or blocked arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart. Weakened vessels and lack of amino acids are not direct causes of coronary heart disease, and while chronic alcohol abuse can contribute to cardiovascular disease, it is not the primary factor in the development of coronary heart disease.

Question 19

Plaque usually consists mainly of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Plaque usually consists mainly of:
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Question 20

The layer of the artery in which atherosclerotic plaque forms is the:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic plaque forms in the intima layer of the artery. The intima is the innermost layer of the artery, composed of endothelial cells and a thin layer of connective tissue, and is responsible for regulating blood flow and preventing thrombosis. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of fatty deposits and cholesterol in the intima, leading to the buildup of plaque and narrowing of the artery, which can ultimately lead to heart attacks and strokes.

Quiz 21: Diseases of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lungs