Question 1

'Children imitate same- sex models and become aware that gender- role- appropriate behaviour brings rewards. Thus, they self- regulate via internalised gender- role standards.' This statement is related to which of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory by Bussey & Bandura emphasizes imitation of same-sex models and the role of rewards in learning gender-appropriate behavior, aligning with the statement.

Question 2

David Perry and Kay Bussey (1984) investigated the impact of play with younger playmates and its effect on play with same- aged peers in children with sociometric isolation. They found that after several hours of play with a younger playmate, the socially isolated child:

Accepted Answer

Perry and Bussey found that after several hours of play with a younger playmate, the socially isolated child played much more effectively with classmates of their own age. Therefore, choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are opposite to the findings of the study.

Question 3

According to Bussey and Bandura (1992), when Sydney preschoolers watch videos of other children playing with cross- sex toys (e.g. boys playing with dolls), they rated the others' behaviour as:

Accepted Answer

Bussey and Bandura (1992) found that children often rated cross-sex toy play negatively, reflecting societal gender norms and stereotypes.

Question 4

According to Barry (1978), Aboriginal children growing up in rural Australia have been found to be ____________ rigidly constrained by traditional sex- role stereotypes than their Anglo counterparts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Barry (1978), Aboriginal children growing...

Question 5

Baumrind (1971; 1991) discovered two intersecting dimensions of parenting style ____________ and ____________ .

Accepted Answer

Baumrind discovered that parenting style can be described along two intersecting dimensions: warmth and responsiveness and control and demandingness. The combination of these dimensions results in four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.

Question 6

Developing an understanding of which of the following stages is required to gain an understanding of gender constancy?

Accepted Answer

An understanding of all of the above stages is necessary to gain a full understanding of gender constancy. Gender identity, stability, and consistency are developmental stages that contribute to the concept of gender constancy, which is the understanding that one's gender remains the same across time and situations.

Question 7

In relation to older siblings, which if the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that older siblings can make cognitive gains by teaching new skills to their younger siblings, such as language and problem-solving skills. Option A is not entirely accurate as while older siblings may experience some frustration and stress when caring for their younger siblings, it is not inevitable nor a defining characteristic. Option C is not supported by research and is therefore not a true statement.

Question 8

In relation to justice behaviour and justice reasoning, the notion that 'resources should be given to each according to his/her contribution' is associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The notion that resources should be given to each according to his/her contribution is associated with the equity rule, which is a principle of distributive justice that suggests that resources should be distributed fairly based on the contributions or efforts of individuals. The principle of need, on the other hand, suggests that resources should be distributed based on one's needs, while the equality rule suggests that resources should be distributed equally among all individuals, regardless of their contributions or needs. "Winner takes all" does not relate to any principle of justice behavior or justice reasoning.

Question 9

Parents may contribute to feelings of resentment between siblings when they practise ____________ or ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parents may contribute to feelings of resentment...

Question 10

Research into a child's status in a group of peers has typically employed a technique known as ____________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research into a child's status in a...

Question 11

The term ____________ describes peoples' sense of themselves as biological males or females, quite separate from the individual's allegiance to, or repudiation of, any particular features of the socially defined sex role.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term ____________ describes peoples' sense of...

Question 12

Which of the following developmental changes in children's self- concept is common in eight- to 11- year- olds?

Accepted Answer

During the ages of eight to eleven, children begin to engage in comparative social assessment, where they compare themselves to their peers to understand their own abilities and characteristics.

Question 13

According to Peterson (2000), which of the following situations is likely to lead to fastest theory- of- mind development in a child?

Accepted Answer

According to Peterson (2000), having a twin sibling is likely to lead to the fastest theory-of-mind development in a child, as twins tend to engage in more social interaction and pretend play, which can enhance their understanding of others' mental states.

Question 14

Which of the following is likely to contribute to a bystander not providing assistance to somebody in need?

Accepted Answer

All of the listed factors can contribute to a bystander not providing assistance. If the required intervention demands special qualifications or is unusually difficult, bystanders may feel unprepared to take action. If the nature of the emergency is ambiguous, bystanders may not realize that assistance is needed. And if there are many observers present, bystanders may assume that someone else will take responsibility for helping.

Question 15

Boys or girls who show low levels of both traditionally masculine and feminine personality traits are classified as:

Accepted Answer

Individuals who exhibit low levels of both traditionally masculine and feminine personality traits are classified as "undifferentiated." This term is used in psychology to describe a gender role orientation where a person does not strongly identify with typical masculine or feminine characteristics.

Question 16

Parents from different cultural backgrounds may hold distinctive ideas both about the ideal ____________ for their children's development and also about the ____________ when this will be achieved.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parents from different cultural backgrounds may hold...

Question 17

In investigating peer status, a child with low positive and negative peer nominations is categorised as:

Accepted Answer

A child with low positive and negative peer nominations may be classified as neglected. A child who is overlooked by peers and receives few positive or negative nominations is classified as neglected. They may be viewed as shy or quiet, and their social skills may not be as developed as their peers'.

Question 18

Goodnow and Warton (1991) investigated sex roles in household chores among a group of young people from Sydney. They found:

Accepted Answer

According to the study, more girls cleaned the bathroom, which supports option B. However, more boys washing the family car is not supported by the study, which eliminates option D. Option A is partially correct, but it fails to acknowledge that more boys also washed the family car. Option C is also incorrect as the study did show sex differences in these household chores. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 19

Based on a naturalistic observational study of preschoolers and their infant siblings, Judith Dunn (1994) reported that angry clashes between siblings reached frequencies as high as ____________ outbursts per hour.

Accepted Answer

According to the given information, the highest frequency of angry clashes between siblings was reported to be as high as 56 outbursts per hour. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 20

Parents displaying a high level of control and a low level of warmth are likely to be associated with which of the following parenting styles?

Accepted Answer

This combination of high control and low warmth is characteristic of authoritarian parenting, which is defined by strict rules and discipline without much emotional support or nurturing.

Quiz 8: Middle Childhood: Social, Personality and Sex-Role Development