George is trying to decide whether to study for his exam.Although he is confident that he knows how to study,he is completely certain that even if he studies he will not pass the exam.According to Expectancy theory,George's motivation to study is low because his _____________ is low.

Question

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Instrumentality is low because George believes that even if he studies, it will not lead to passing the exam. Expectancy theory suggests motivation is influenced by the belief that effort will lead to performance and that performance will lead to desired outcomes. George's belief that studying won't lead to passing (a desired outcome) reflects low instrumentality.

George Is Trying to Decide Whether to Study for His