Question 1

The trigone is defined as:
A) the orifice of the ureter.
B) the inner area of the kidney.
C) a triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.
D) the three divisions of the loop of Henle.

Accepted Answer

The trigone is a smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.This description is not associated with the orifice of a ureter, the inner area of the kidney, or a part of the loop of Henle.

Question 2

Where does the majority of sodium reabsorption take place?
A) Proximal tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Distal tubule
D) Collecting duct

Accepted Answer

The majority of sodium reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule.The majority of sodium reabsorption is not associated with the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, or the collecting duct.

Question 3

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR)is directly related to the:
A) perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B) oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C) vascular resistance in the glomerular arterioles.
D) hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule.

Accepted Answer

The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is known as the GFR, which is directly related to the perfusion pressure of the glomerular capillaries.The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is not associated with the oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillaries, the vascular resistance in the glomerular arterioles, or the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule.

Question 4

The region of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli is called the:
A) medulla.
B) cortex.
C) pyramids.
D) columns.

Accepted Answer

The outer layer of the kidney is called the cortex and it contains all of the glomeruli, most of the proximal tubules, and some segments of the distal tubule.The glomeruli are not located in the kidney's medulla, the pyramids, or the columns.

Question 5

What structure supplies blood to the medulla?
A) Renal artery
B) Arcuate artery
C) Peritubular capillary
D) Vasa recta

Accepted Answer

The vasa recta is a network of capillaries that forms loops and closely follows the loops of Henle and is the only blood supply to the medulla.This need is not met by the renal arteries, the arcuate arteries, or the peritubular capillaries.

Question 6

Which type of nephron determines the concentration of the urine?
A) Juxtamedullary
B) Midcortical
C) Cortical
D) Medullary

Accepted Answer

The juxtamedullary nephrons lie close to and extend deep into the medulla and are important for the concentration of urine.Concentration of urine is not associated with midcortical, cortical, or medullary nephrons.

Question 7

The blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:
A) vagus nerve.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The blood vessels of the kidney are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system's fibers.The blood vessels of the kidney are not innervated by the vagus nerve or the parasympathetic system.The somatic system regulates the musculoskeletal system.

Question 8

Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which hormone?
A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Atrial natriuretic factor (ANP)
C) Renin
D) Aldosterone

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water permeability and reabsorption in the last segment of the distal tubule and along the entire length of the collecting ducts.ANP inhibits secretion of renin, inhibits angiotensin-induced secretion of aldosterone, relaxes vascular smooth muscle, and inhibits sodium and water absorption by kidney tubules.Renin is secreted to raise blood pressure.Aldosterone regulates water and sodium balance.

Question 9

The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:
A) increased blood volume.
B) elevated sodium concentrations.
C) decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles.
D) renal hypertension.

Accepted Answer

The renin-angiotensin system is activated by decreased blood pressure.Activation of the renin-angiotensin system is not associated with the increased blood volume, elevated sodium levels, or renal hypertension.

Question 10

When discussing the functional unit of the kidney, what term should the nurse use?
A) Calyx
B) Nephron
C) Collecting duct
D) Pyramid

Accepted Answer

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.The nephron does not serve the same function as the calyx, the collecting duct, or the pyramid.

Question 11

The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily allows for:
A) sodium secretion.
B) potassium secretion.
C) hydrogen ion reabsorption.
D) water reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

The descending segment of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to water and so is involved in the reabsorption of water.The descending segment of the loop of Henle is not associated with the reabsorption of hydrogen ions or the secretion of either sodium or potassium.

Question 12

On average, the kidneys receive approximately _____ of the cardiac output.
A) 10-14%
B) 15-19%
C) 20-25%
D) 26-35%

Accepted Answer

The kidney receives 20-25% of the cardiac output.

Question 13

When the nurse is discussing the sodium-sensing cells of the glomerulus, what term should the nurse use?
A) Podocytes
B) Macula densa
C) Mesangial cells
D) Loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

The macula densa are sodium-sensing cells.The epithelium has specialized cells called podocytes from which pedicles (foot projections)radiate and adhere to the basement membrane.Mesangial cells lie between and support the capillaries.Mesangial cells have phagocytic ability similar to that monocytes, release inflammatory cytokines, and can contract to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow.The loop of Henle is where fluid reabsorption occurs.

Question 14

When a nurse is checking the urinalysis, plasma proteins should be absent from the urine because:
A) all filtered proteins are subsequently reabsorbed.
B) the texture of the covering surrounding plasma proteins interferes with reabsorption.
C) filtered proteins are subsequently degraded before elimination.
D) the negative charge of the glomerular filtration membrane repels the plasma proteins.

Accepted Answer

Like other capillary membranes, the glomerulus is freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to large colloids, such as plasma proteins.The molecule's size and electrical charge affect the permeability of substances crossing the glomerulus.Protein filtration is not as dependent on size, texture, or on degradation.

Question 15

What type of phagocytic cell lies between the layers of the renal capillaries?
A) Podocytes
B) Macula densa cells
C) Mesangial cells
D) Filtration slits

Accepted Answer

Mesangial cells lie between and support the capillaries.Mesangial cells have phagocytic ability similar to monocytes, release inflammatory cytokines, and can contract to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow.The epithelium has specialized cells called podocytes from which pedicles (foot projections)radiate and adhere to the basement membrane.The macula densa are sodium-sensing cells.The pedicles interlock with the pedicles of adjacent podocytes, forming an elaborate network of intercellular clefts called filtration slits, or slit membranes.

Question 16

When a staff member asks which of the following substances is actively secreted by the renal tubules, what is the nurse's best response?
A) Sodium and chlorine
B) Phosphate and calcium
C) Hydrogen and potassium
D) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Accepted Answer

Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, and intercalated cells reabsorb potassium and bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen.This process is not associated with the secretion of sodium and chlorine, phosphate and calcium, or bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Question 17

A nurse realizes glucose will be excreted in the urine when:
A) the maximum rate of glucose filtration is achieved.
B) the carrier molecules have reached their maximum.
C) glucose is consumed.
D) the ability of the kidneys to regulate blood glucose is lost.

Accepted Answer

When the carrier molecules for glucose become saturated (i.e., with the development of hyperglycemia), the excess will be excreted in the urine.There is no maximum rate of glucose filtration.Glucose should not be found in the urine even when glucose is consumed.The kidneys do not regulate blood glucose.

Question 18

When the nurse discusses the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together, it is referred to as the renal:
A) corpuscle.
B) capsule.
C) medulla.
D) pyramid.

Accepted Answer

Together, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are called the renal corpuscle.The combination of these structures is not identified as the capsule, the medulla, or the pyramid.

Question 19

When describing the male urinary anatomy, which information should the nurse include? The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the _____ portion.
A) membranous
B) prostatic
C) cavernous
D) vas deferens

Accepted Answer

In the male, the prostatic urethra is closest to the bladder; the membranous follows after the prostatic; the cavernous follows after the membranous.The vas deferens is not a portion of the male urethra.

Question 20

What structure does urine pass through prior to entering the ureters?
A) Collecting duct
B) Renal pelvis
C) Urethra
D) Major calyx

Accepted Answer

Urine is collected in the renal pelvis, not the collecting duct or the major calyx, and then is funneled into the ureters.The urethra receives urine from the bladder.

Quiz 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

The trigone is defined as:

Where does the majority of sodium reabsorption take place?

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to the:

The region of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli is called the:

What structure supplies blood to the medulla?

Which type of nephron determines the concentration of the urine?

The blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which hormone?

The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:

When discussing the functional unit of the kidney, what term should the nurse use?

The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily allows for:

On average, the kidneys receive approximately _____ of the cardiac output.

When the nurse is discussing the sodium-sensing cells of the glomerulus, what term should the nurse use?

When a nurse is checking the urinalysis, plasma proteins should be absent from the urine because:

What type of phagocytic cell lies between the layers of the renal capillaries?

When a staff member asks which of the following substances is actively secreted by the renal tubules, what is the nurse's best response?

A nurse realizes glucose will be excreted in the urine when:

When the nurse discusses the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together, it is referred to as the renal:

When describing the male urinary anatomy, which information should the nurse include? The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the _____ portion.

What structure does urine pass through prior to entering the ureters?