Question 1

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction,once drug use passes from the initial good feelings of first-stage use,repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues:

Accepted Answer

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues trigger craving for the drug, which becomes increasingly intense over time, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior. While drug-related cues may initially elicit positive feelings, as drug use becomes more frequent and intense, the brain's reward system becomes sensitized, leading to an increased responsiveness to drug-related cues and a decreased ability to experience pleasure from other activities. This can lead to a state of "wanting" the drug, even in the absence of "liking" it, and can contribute to the development of addiction.

Question 2

Luis has a blood alcohol level of 0.05.Luis is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A blood alcohol level of 0.05 typically results in feeling relaxed and mildly euphoric. It is below the legal limit for driving in many countries, including the US where the legal limit is 0.08. Therefore, Luis is likely not experiencing severe impairment of his motor skills or cognitive functions.

Question 3

When she drinks alcohol,Jincy experiences a false sense of confidence and a freedom from social constraints; this is known as:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral disinhibition refers to a loss of inhibitions and self-control when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. This can lead to engaging in risky behaviors or saying things one wouldn't normally say. It is often accompanied by a false sense of confidence and freedom from social norms or constraints. Neural sensitization refers to a process in which the brain becomes more sensitive to the effects of a drug over time with repeated use. Adolescent invulnerability is a term used to describe a belief among some teens that they are invincible and immune to harm, which can lead to risky behavior. Drug potentiation refers to a situation in which the effects of one drug are enhanced by the presence of another drug.

Question 4

According to the _____ theory,the influence of friends is strong enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family,school,and other institutions in determining drug use.

Accepted Answer

The peer cluster theory suggests that the influence of friends is the most significant factor in determining drug use, even more so than family, school, and other institutions. This theory highlights the importance of social networks and peer pressure in shaping adolescent behavior. Choices A, B, and D are not directly related to the influence of peers on drug use.

Question 5

In most states,a blood alcohol level of _____ constitutes legal intoxication.

Accepted Answer

In most states in the United States, a blood alcohol level of 0.08% constitutes legal intoxication. This means that if your blood alcohol level is higher than 0.08%, you can be charged with driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI). It is important to note that some states have different legal limits for certain groups, such as commercial drivers or drivers under the age of 21.

Question 6

Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli,because drinkers tend to:

Accepted Answer

Alcohol impairs cognitive processes and can result in drinkers focusing on only the most salient cues, rather than considering multiple factors or interpreting ambiguous stimuli. This can lead to poor decision-making and risk-taking behaviors.

Question 7

According to the _____ theory,the stronger a person's attachment to family,school,and other institutions,the less likely he or she will be to use drugs.

Accepted Answer

The social control theory posits that individuals with strong attachment to institutions such as family and school are less likely to engage in deviant behavior, such as drug use. This is because the attachment serves as a form of social control that reinforces conventional behavior and discourages deviance. The other options are not related to this theory. A) Behavioral disinhibition refers to the reduction in inhibitions that lead to impulsive behavior and does not address the role of social attachment. C) Peer cluster refers to the influence of one's peer group on behavior and does not address the role of institutions. D) Neural sensitization refers to changes in the brain's response to drugs with prolonged use and does not address social factors.

Question 8

Alcohol consumption rates are highest among which of these sociocultural groups?

Accepted Answer

Studies consistently show that European Americans have the highest rates of alcohol consumption compared to other sociocultural groups in the United States. Other groups, such as Hispanic Americans and African Americans, tend to have lower rates of alcohol consumption.

Question 9

The concordance rate for alcohol use disorder among identical twins:

Accepted Answer

The concordance rate for alcohol use disorder among identical twins is higher than the rate among fraternal twins, indicating a strong genetic component to the disorder.

Question 10

One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain why:

Accepted Answer

Reward models of addiction primarily focus on the reinforcing effects of drugs, which explain why individuals continue to use drugs despite negative consequences. These models struggle to account for the persistence of drug use in the face of adverse effects, as they emphasize the positive reinforcement (pleasure or reward) obtained from drug use.

Question 11

Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of:

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis and cirrhosis are both chronic diseases of the liver that can result from chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol. Nicotine, cocaine, and marijuana are not known to directly cause these conditions.

Question 12

Korsakoff's syndrome,which is sometimes suffered by chronic,heavy users of alcohol,is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff's syndrome is a neurological disorder that is commonly associated with chronic and heavy alcohol consumption. This disorder is characterized by extreme difficulty with memory and is often accompanied by confabulation, apathy, and a loss of social skills. The other choices (A, B, and C) are not accurate descriptions of Korsakoff's syndrome. Behavioral disinhibition is not a defining feature of this disorder, fat deposits on the heart muscle are not directly related to it, and while changes in personality may occur, they are not necessarily dramatic or consistent across all cases.

Question 13

Chronic alcohol abuse has all of these effects EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Chronic alcohol abuse can weaken the immune system, damage cellular DNA, and interfere with normal endocrine system development. However, it does not increase the secretion of growth hormone. In fact, chronic alcohol abuse can lead to decreased growth hormone secretion, which can result in short stature, decreased muscle mass, and delayed puberty.

Question 14

Alcohol use disorder is a:

Accepted Answer

Alcohol use disorder is defined as a pattern of drinking that results in negative consequences, such as interference with daily obligations, health problems, or social problems. This maladaptive drinking pattern is what separates alcohol use disorder from moderate alcohol use. Therefore, option (B) is the best choice. Option (A) is incorrect because it describes physical dependence on alcohol, which is only one aspect of alcohol use disorder. Option (C) is also incorrect because while excessive use of alcohol can lead to neurological effects, it does not fully capture the complexity of alcohol use disorder. Option (D) is incorrect because while personality traits can be associated with alcohol use disorder, it is not a defining characteristic.

Question 15

Valentina first started smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol in high school.After realizing that these drugs were not that harmful,she began experimenting with other,more dangerous drugs.In Valentina's case,tobacco and alcohol served as:

Accepted Answer

The term "gateway drugs" refers to drugs like tobacco and alcohol that are considered less dangerous and may lead to experimentation with more harmful drugs. As Valentina began experimenting with other, more dangerous drugs after using tobacco and alcohol, it suggests that they acted as gateway drugs for her.

Question 16

Which statement is NOT indicative of risky or hazardous drinking behavior?

Accepted Answer

Using alcohol to manage social functions and relationships is a sign of dependent behavior rather than risky. The other options suggest a potential for risky or hazardous drinking behavior. Option A suggests prioritizing alcohol over other responsibilities, option C suggests using alcohol as a coping mechanism for stress, and option D suggests a high tolerance for alcohol which can lead to overconsumption and negative effects later on.

Question 17

Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of developing:

Accepted Answer

Drinking during critical stages of pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol syndrome, which can cause physical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities in infants. B, C, and D are not typically associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Question 18

In one study,both men and women who drank alcohol:

Accepted Answer

The study found that both men and women who drank alcohol perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The study did not mention anything about rating conversation partners as more attractive.

Question 19

Ryan is standing outside with her friends,shivering.One of her friends notices she is cold and hands her a beer,saying,"This will warm you up." As Ryan drinks the beer,blood vessels in her skin dilate,causing her body to:

Accepted Answer

Dilated blood vessels in the skin cause heat loss, so drinking a cold beer would cause Ryan's body to lose heat.

Question 20

After a person drinks an alcoholic beverage,approximately what percent of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach directly into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 20% of alcohol is absorbed directly from the stomach into the bloodstream, with the remaining 80% being absorbed in the small intestine.

Quiz 9: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction