Question 1

Over time,smoking behaviors become _____ to a variety of environmental triggers.

Accepted Answer

Over time, smoking behaviors become conditioned responses to a variety of environmental triggers, meaning that the behavior (smoking) is a learned response to certain stimuli (like stress, social settings, etc.) in the environment.

Question 2

The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced supply of oxygen to their brains,resulting in a condition called:

Accepted Answer

Fetal hypoxia is a condition in which the developing fetus does not receive adequate oxygen supply, which can lead to a variety of complications including cognitive and developmental difficulties. Smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for fetal hypoxia, as it restricts blood flow and reduces the amount of oxygen that reaches the developing fetus. The other options (A, C, D) are not directly related to the effects of smoking during pregnancy on fetal development.

Question 3

One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior.This finding highlights the importance of _____ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that adolescents' beliefs and attitudes about their peers' alcohol use can influence their own drinking behavior, indicating the importance of alcohol expectancy effects in predicting an individual's alcohol use. This refers to the beliefs and expectations an individual has regarding the effects of alcohol, which can shape their behaviors and choices around alcohol consumption.

Question 4

Research on Americans' smoking habits shows that over the past few decades:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women over the past few decades. While there has been a steady decrease in teenage smokers, overall smoking rates have not remained stable, as indicated by the differing rates of decrease between men and women.

Question 5

Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors.Which of these is NOT one of those factors?

Accepted Answer

The three interacting factors that determine quitting smoking are motivation to quit, level of physical dependence on nicotine, and barriers to or support in remaining smoke-free. Age of the smoker, while it may be a factor in terms of health effects and social stigma, is not one of the primary factors in determining quitting smoking.

Question 6

The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:

Accepted Answer

Smoking inoculation programs aim to teach practical skills that help individuals resist social pressures to smoke by building their confidence, providing them with knowledge about the dangers of smoking and the benefits of not smoking, and teaching them to be assertive in situations where they are offered cigarettes. The focus is on building resilience and resistance skills rather than providing alternatives to smoking or relying on peer models alone.

Question 7

The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral activation is a counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting. This therapy is often used to treat depression and is based on the idea that when individuals become more active and engaged in meaningful activities, their overall mood and well-being improve. Inoculation is a therapy technique used to strengthen a person's ability to resist or cope with anticipated stressors. CBT is a form of therapy that focuses on changing patterns of thinking and behavior to reduce negative emotions and improve overall life satisfaction. Aversion therapy is a type of therapy that uses negative consequences to reduce or eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Question 8

As part of his program to quit smoking,Larry is guided to discuss how some of his life values are currently restricted because of his smoking habit.Larry realizes he has given up swimming,which he greatly enjoys,and so as part of the program he has set the goal to swim at least once a week.This counseling treatment is called:

Accepted Answer

The presented counseling treatment is intentionally designed to help the individual identify behaviors or activities they have given up due to smoking and set goals to reintroduce those activities. This process is known as behavioral activation, making C the correct answer. Aversion therapy aims to create negative associations with smoking, while contingency management rewards and reinforces specific desired behaviors. Nicotine titration involves gradual reduction of nicotine intake to assist individuals in their quitting process.

Question 9

Which factor is NOT an influence on an individual's willingness to enter treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

Accepted Answer

Educational attainment is generally not a direct influence on an individual's willingness to enter treatment for AUD, whereas ethnicity, gender, and age can affect cultural perceptions, stigma, and access to treatment.

Question 10

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced,smokers tend to:

Accepted Answer

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced, smokers tend to smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes to compensate for the reduced nicotine intake. This phenomenon is known as compensation.

Question 11

Which personality trait has NOT been linked to alcohol dependence?

Accepted Answer

Unrealistic optimism has not been consistently linked to alcohol dependence. However, negative emotionality, behavioral undercontrol, and attraction to excitement have all been identified as risk factors for alcohol dependence in various studies.

Question 12

Which of these is NOT often cited as a reason that teens start smoking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these is NOT often cited...

Question 13

Drug abuse is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Drug abuse is not just the ingestion of a drug, but it is the excessive use of a drug to the point where it harms the user's biological, social, and psychological well-being. It is important to note that drug abuse can occur with legal as well as illegal substances.

Question 14

In the United States and much of the world,which of these is MOST likely to cause premature death?

Accepted Answer

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths worldwide, causing numerous health problems such as lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. While the other choices can also contribute to premature death, smoking is the most significant risk factor.

Question 15

According to the nicotine-titration model,smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine:

Accepted Answer

The nicotine-titration model suggests that smokers regulate their smoking behavior to maintain a steady level of nicotine in their bodies, which helps alleviate nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This indicates that smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine regulate their smoking to maintain a stable level of the drug in their bodies.

Question 16

Which statement was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence is genetically influenced?

Accepted Answer

None of the presented statements mention gender differences in the genetic influence of alcohol dependency. Therefore, statement D is the one that was not presented as evidence.

Question 17

Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that nicotine use is often associated with depression, as individuals may use nicotine as a form of self-medication to alleviate depressive symptoms.

Question 18

Within seven seconds of someone taking a puff from a cigarette,the nicotine causes the person's brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving,reduce anxiety,and alleviate insomnia.These effects are examples of:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant state, such as anxiety or craving, which is reduced by the effects of nicotine.

Question 19

As a treatment for alcohol dependence,the therapy that uses a nauseating drug such as Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n):

Accepted Answer

Antabuse is paired with drinking alcohol, creating a learned association between drinking and feeling ill. Over time, the individual is conditioned to associate the negative effects of Antabuse with the act of drinking, leading to an aversion towards alcohol. This is an example of classical conditioning, where a neutral or conditional stimulus (drinking alcohol) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (feeling ill from Antabuse) resulting in a conditioned response (aversion towards alcohol).

Question 20

Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking is rewarding because nicotine induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles, providing a calming effect.

Quiz 9: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction