Question 1

Last winter, Carmen skidded on the ice and hit another car. This left her with a fear of driving on ice and snow that she finally overcame by the end of the winter. But her fear returned when she had to drive for the first time on the snow this winter. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of spontaneous recovery, which is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed. In this case, Carmen's fear of driving on snow and ice had been extinguished at the end of last winter, but it reappeared when she had to drive on snow for the first time this winter.

Question 2

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Option A, generalization, refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Option C, discrimination, refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to each one. Option D, spontaneous recovery, refers to the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of time has passed.

Question 3

What happens when a conditioned response is extinguished?

Accepted Answer

When a conditioned response is extinguished, the conditioned stimulus no longer signals that the unconditioned stimulus will follow. In other words, the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is weakened until it no longer produces the conditioned response. However, the other associations mentioned in the other choices (the conditioned stimulus becoming an inhibitor or the unconditioned stimulus and response association being forgotten) do not necessarily occur during extinction.

Question 4

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is the previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the tuna). In this scenario, the sound of the can opener was originally neutral, but through repeated pairing with the tuna, it has become the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of Sylvester racing into the kitchen.

Question 5

In order to extinguish a classically conditioned response, you must repeatedly present the ________ without the ________.

Accepted Answer

In order to extinguish a classically conditioned response, you must repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US). This breaks the association between the CS and the US and reduces or eliminates the conditioned response.

Question 6

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the loud noise is the

Accepted Answer

The loud noise is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally (without prior conditioning) caused Rick to cry, which is an unconditioned response. The fear response to the balloon (conditioned stimulus) developed after the association was made between the balloon and the loud noise.

Question 7

Little Harold overcame his fear of water after two bullies had held him under the water. Although he swam the rest of the season without noticeable fear, on the first day of swimming the next summer, he began to cry and said he was scared. What had occurred?

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes little Harold overcoming his fear of water but experiencing a relapse in the form of crying and expressing fear on the first day of swimming the following summer. This is characteristic of spontaneous recovery, which is the tendency for a response, in this case, fear of water, to reappear after it has been extinguished.

Question 8

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

The fear that Rick experiences when he sees a balloon is a learned response, which means it is a conditioned response. It was originally caused by the loud noise of the balloon bursting, which was the unconditioned stimulus that led to the unconditioned response (crying). However, after repeated exposure to the balloon bursting (unconditioned stimulus), the sight of a balloon became associated with fear (conditioned stimulus), and now elicits fear (conditioned response) on its own.

Question 9

Extinction requires which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response over time.

Question 10

Failure to occasionally pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus will lead to

Accepted Answer

If the conditioned stimulus is not occasionally paired with the unconditioned stimulus, then the association between the two will weaken, leading to extinction of the conditioned response.

Question 11

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

The balloon initially did not cause fear in Rick (unconditioned response) until it burst (unconditioned stimulus), which caused him to cry. After multiple exposures of the balloon bursting, the sight of the balloon alone became associated with fear (conditioned stimulus) and caused Rick to become frightened (conditioned response).

Question 12

The tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke the conditioned response is called

Accepted Answer

Generalization refers to the tendency of stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus to also evoke the conditioned response. This occurs because the individual has learned to associate certain characteristics or features with the conditioned stimulus, and other similar stimuli possess these same characteristics, leading to a similar response.

Question 13

Following conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus will lead to a reduction and eventually a disappearance of the conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is the process of extinction, which occurs when the conditioned response gradually fades away after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Which element in classical conditioning is the learned signal?

Accepted Answer

The learned signal of classical conditioning is the conditioned stimulus. This is because the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, through association with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. Therefore, the conditioned stimulus serves as a signal for the upcoming presentation of the unconditioned stimulus and the accompanying response.

Question 15

Which factor listed below led Pavlov to determine that an extinguished conditioned response was not erased or forgotten, but only inhibited?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which factor listed below led Pavlov to...

Question 16

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, crying at the loud noise is the

Accepted Answer

Crying in response to the loud noise is an unconditioned response because it is a natural reaction to the stimulus (the loud noise) without prior learning or conditioning.

Question 17

Ali grew-up in a country where police committed horrible atrocities against civilians. Now in Canada, when Ali sees a police officer he is overcome by a great fear. The fact that Ali is now fearful of all police officers in Canada suggests that

Accepted Answer

Generalization has occurred, as Ali is now fearful of all police officers in Canada due to the past experiences with police officers in their previous country. This is an example of how past experiences can lead to generalization and impact an individual's behavior towards similar stimuli in the future.

Question 18

Sirens on police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances do not sound exactly alike, but because of ________ we react similarly to them.

Accepted Answer

Generalization is when a stimulus similar to the original elicits the same response. In this case, even though sirens on emergency vehicles may not sound exactly alike, they are similar enough that our response to them (i.e. pulling over, giving them the right of way) is the same.

Question 19

Following extinction, if a conditioned stimulus is presented at a later time, it may again evoke a conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction. The conditioned stimulus may trigger the response again, even if it has not been presented for a long time. Option B (stimulus discrimination) refers to the ability to differentiate between similar conditioned stimuli and respond to only one of them. Option C (blocking) occurs when a previously established association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus blocks the formation of a new association between the conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Option D (stimulus generalization) refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 20

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning shows that

Accepted Answer

The answer of The occurrence of spontaneous recovery in classical...

Quiz 5: Learning