Question 1

A __________ is a person's relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way.
A) style
B) personality
C) temperament
D) trait

Accepted Answer

A trait is a person's relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way.

Question 2

In the 1930s,Gordon Allport and H.S.Odbert became two of the first theorists to attempt to identify the basic human personality traits by creating a 'trait dictionary'.About how many trait descriptors were included in that book?
A) 246
B) 1,280
C) 9,700
D) 18,000

Accepted Answer

Gordon Allport and H.S. Odbert identified approximately 18,000 trait descriptors in their attempt to catalog the basic human personality traits.

Question 3

Based on his research and his re-working of Allport's list of 18,000 personality descriptors,Raymond Cattell identified __________ different personality traits.
A) 16
B) 35
C) 70
D) 225

Accepted Answer

Raymond Cattell identified 16 different personality traits through factor analysis, which he believed could describe human personality comprehensively.

Question 4

Which personality assessment tool is based on the theory of Raymond Cattell?
A) The NEO-PI-R
B) The MMPI
C) The 16-PF
D) The TAT

Accepted Answer

The 16-PF (16 Personality Factors) is based on the theory of Raymond Cattell, which emphasizes the importance of both surface and deeper dimensions of personality. While A) The NEO-PI-R is based on the Five Factor Model, B) The MMPI is a clinical tool used to identify psychopathology, and D) The TAT is a projective test used to assess personality by interpreting individual's responses to ambiguous pictures.

Question 5

Raymond Cattell,attempting to transform the first published list of personality descriptors,used a statistical technique called __________,which identifies correlations and common clusters in a larger group.These clusters were used to define Cattell's theory of 16 personality traits.
A) structural equation modeling
B) factor analysis
C) binomial linear regression
D) canonical correlations

Accepted Answer

Cattell used factor analysis to identify correlations and common clusters among the personality descriptors and define his theory of 16 personality traits.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between states and traits?
A) A person's state is made up of a combination of traits.
B) A trait can determine the likelihood that someone enters into a temporary state.
C) A person's trait is made up of a combination of states.
D) A state can determine the likelihood that someone enters into a temporary trait.

Accepted Answer

Traits are stable characteristics that are enduring over time and across situations. States are temporary and situational. While a person's traits can make them more likely to experience certain states, a state does not determine a trait. Therefore, option B is the most accurate statement as a trait can influence the likelihood of entering into a temporary state.

Question 7

A __________ is a person's transient disposition to behave in a certain way.
A) trait
B) reaction
C) state
D) personality

Accepted Answer

A state is a temporary emotional or behavioral response to a situation or stimulus, while traits are enduring characteristics and personality refers to a person's overall pattern of behavior and thinking. A reaction could refer to any type of response, but it does not specifically imply a temporary or transient disposition. Therefore, the best choice is C) state.

Question 8

The idiographic approach is to the __________ as the nomothetic approach is to the __________.
A) positive; negative
B) whole, part
C) adult; child
D) individual; group

Accepted Answer

The idiographic approach focuses on understanding unique individuals and their experiences, while the nomothetic approach is concerned with identifying general laws or patterns that apply to groups. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it contrasts individual and group approaches.

Question 9

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting data that is person-oriented and focuses on how the unique parts of a person's personality form a consistent whole.
A) individualistic
B) nomothetic
C) idiosynchratic
D) idiographic

Accepted Answer

The explanations given in the question suggest that the approach in question takes a person-oriented perspective and focuses on the unique aspects of a person's personality. This is consistent with the idiographic approach, which emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals and seeks to understand how different aspects of personality are related to one another in each person. The other options (individualistic, nomothetic, and idiosyncratic) do not fit as well with the given description of the approach.

Question 10

If you are describing your best friend to another person,you might rattle off a list of qualities to describe that individual.These qualities,or __________,are the building blocks of what we understand to be an individual's personality.
A) attributes
B) traits
C) features
D) quirks

Accepted Answer

Traits commonly refer to a person's distinguishing characteristics or qualities of personality, making it the best choice in the context of describing a person's qualities as building blocks of their personality. While attributes and features may also refer to a person's characteristics, they may also refer to physical qualities or external qualities. Quirks, on the other hand, usually refer to eccentric or peculiar traits rather than a comprehensive set of qualities.

Question 11

Which of the following researchers proposed a theory of personality that is based on the existence of certain traits?
A) Carl Jung
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Margaret Mahler
D) Hans Eysenck and Jeffrey Gray

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck and Jeffrey Gray both proposed theories of personality that were based on the existence and measurement of specific traits. Eysenck's theory focused on three main dimensions (extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, and psychoticism). Gray expanded on Eysenck's theory by adding a fourth dimension related to the behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS).

Question 12

Which personality theorist contributed to the publication of a list of over nearly 18,000 words found in the dictionary that could be used to describe people's personality traits?
A) Raymond Cattell
B) Gordon Allport
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Jeffrey Gray

Accepted Answer

Gordon Allport contributed to the publication of a list of over nearly 18,000 words found in the dictionary that could be used to describe people's personality traits.

Question 13

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals' traits.
A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) collectivist
D) individualistic

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the nomothetic approach to studying personality. This approach looks for patterns and consistencies among individuals' traits, and is focused on variables or traits that are shared across a population. The idiographic approach, on the other hand, is focused on individual differences and unique characteristics, and does not seek to identify patterns or generalizations. Collectivist and individualistic refer more to cultural values and norms, and are not directly related to personality research methods.

Question 14

Raymond Cattell is to ___ personality traits as Hans Eysenck is to ___ personality traits.
A) 16; 2
B) 18,000; 5
C) 5; 12
D) Unlimited; 0

Accepted Answer

Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF (16 Personality Factors) theory, which identified 16 basic personality traits. Hans Eysenck developed the PEN model (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism), which consists of three main dimensions of personality traits. Therefore, the correct option is A (16; 2).

Question 15

Dr.Sapperson is interested in conducting research that helps to clarify general principles and theories of behavior.His experiment will involve the gathering of data from many participants so that he can make general statements about groups,rather than individual observations about one person.Dr.Sapperson's research is based in the __________ approach.
A) idiographic
B) collectivist
C) group
D) nomothetic

Accepted Answer

Dr. Sapperson's research is focused on gathering data from many participants to make general statements about groups, which is in line with the nomothetic approach. The nomothetic approach involves studying groups of individuals in order to establish general laws and principles that apply to everyone. In contrast, the idiographic approach focuses on studying the uniqueness of individual experiences and traits. The terms "collectivist" and "group" do not accurately describe Dr. Sapperson's approach to research.

Question 16

A __________ theory states that a set of meaningful and distinct personality dimensions can be used to describe how people differ from one another.
A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) sociocognitive
D) trait

Accepted Answer

A trait theory holds that there are distinct and meaningful personality dimensions that can be used to describe individual differences. Psychodynamic theory focuses on unconscious processes and past experiences as the origin of personality traits. Biological theory posits that personality is rooted in genetics and brain structure. Sociocognitive theory emphasizes the interaction between personality and environmental factors. None of these theories specifically suggest the existence of a set of personality dimensions as described in the question, making trait theory the most appropriate answer.

Question 17

Gordon Allport's extensive list of personality trait descriptors was condensed in the first well-known trait theory.This new list of sixteen traits was theorized by __________ in the 1960s.
A) H.S. Odbert
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Robert McCrae
D) Raymond Cattell

Accepted Answer

Raymond Cattell condensed Gordon Allport's list of personality trait descriptors and theorized the trait theory of sixteen primary personality factors in the 1960s.

Question 18

Janine is talking to her friend Rob."You should really meet my friend Christie," she says."She's such a nice person.She's outgoing,smart,a little quirky,and really fun to be around." These qualities that Janine is listing paint a picture of Christie's __________ for Rob.
A) intellect
B) personality
C) temperament
D) social skills

Accepted Answer

The qualities listed by Janine (outgoing, smart, a little quirky, and fun to be around) are all aspects of Christie's personality. The other options (intellect, temperament, and social skills) may be part of her personality, but are not specifically highlighted by Janine in her description of Christie.

Question 19

__________ is the style in which a person interacts with the world,particularly with other people.
A) Expression
B) Temperament
C) Attachment
D) Personality

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to the unique set of traits, behaviors, and patterns of thought that characterize an individual and influence their interactions with others and the world around them. While temperament and attachment also play a role in shaping how people engage with the world, personality is the broadest and most encompassing of these concepts when it comes to describing a person's overall style of interaction.

Question 20

_________ are considered to be lasting,while __________ are more transient,or temporary.
A) Idiographic traits; nomothetic states
B) States; traits
C) Traits; states
D) Nomothetic states; idiographic traits

Accepted Answer

Traits are enduring characteristics of an individual, while states are more temporary emotional or situational conditions.

Quiz 16: Personality and Individual Differences

A __________ is a person's relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way.

In the 1930s,Gordon Allport and H.S.Odbert became two of the first theorists to attempt to identify the basic human personality traits by creating a 'trait dictionary'.About how many trait descriptors were included in that book?

Based on his research and his re-working of Allport's list of 18,000 personality descriptors,Raymond Cattell identified __________ different personality traits.

Which personality assessment tool is based on the theory of Raymond Cattell?

Raymond Cattell,attempting to transform the first published list of personality descriptors,used a statistical technique called __________,which identifies correlations and common clusters in a larger group.These clusters were used to define Cattell's theory of 16 personality traits.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between states and traits?

A __________ is a person's transient disposition to behave in a certain way.

The idiographic approach is to the as the nomothetic approach is to the .

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting data that is person-oriented and focuses on how the unique parts of a person's personality form a consistent whole.

If you are describing your best friend to another person,you might rattle off a list of qualities to describe that individual.These qualities,or __________,are the building blocks of what we understand to be an individual's personality.

Which of the following researchers proposed a theory of personality that is based on the existence of certain traits?

Which personality theorist contributed to the publication of a list of over nearly 18,000 words found in the dictionary that could be used to describe people's personality traits?

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals' traits.

Raymond Cattell is to _ personality traits as Hans Eysenck is to _ personality traits.

A __________ theory states that a set of meaningful and distinct personality dimensions can be used to describe how people differ from one another.

Gordon Allport's extensive list of personality trait descriptors was condensed in the first well-known trait theory.This new list of sixteen traits was theorized by __________ in the 1960s.

Janine is talking to her friend Rob."You should really meet my friend Christie," she says."She's such a nice person.She's outgoing,smart,a little quirky,and really fun to be around." These qualities that Janine is listing paint a picture of Christie's __________ for Rob.

__________ is the style in which a person interacts with the world,particularly with other people.

_ are considered to be lasting,while __ are more transient,or temporary.