Question 1

Over a 2-year period,a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with excessive weight gain.This study is an example of a(n)____ study.
A)prospective
B)retrospective
C)case-control
D)in-vitro

Accepted Answer

This study involves observing the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of 8-year-old children over a 2-year period, making it a prospective study. Prospective studies follow participants forward in time to observe outcomes, whereas retrospective studies look back in time to try and identify potential causes or risk factors. This study is not a case-control study, which involves comparing individuals with a certain condition to those without it, nor is it an in-vitro study, which is done in a laboratory setting without human subjects.

Question 2

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily.He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because,he claims,the vitamin protects him from cold viruses.His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.
A)in-vivo report
B)in-vitro assumption
C)anecdote
D)introspection

Accepted Answer

Zack's claim about the usefulness of vitamin C is based on personal experience and not on scientific evidence. Therefore, it is considered an anecdote, a type of informal evidence that lacks scientific rigor. Option A, in-vivo report, would refer to a formal report of an experiment conducted on a living organism. Option B, in-vitro assumption, would refer to an untested assumption about how a vitamin or other substance may work in a laboratory setting. Option D, introspection, refers to a person's internal reflection or introspective thinking, and is not relevant in this context.

Question 3

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?
A)Single-blind
B)Double-blind
C)Conventional
D)Cohort

Accepted Answer

A cohort study would be the best choice since it involves following a group of people over time and measuring their smoking habits and weight changes. This would allow for the investigation of the relationship between smoking and weight gain. Single-blind and double-blind studies are typically used to investigate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions, and conventional studies may not provide the necessary longitudinal data needed for this investigation.

Question 4

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?
A)Experimental study
B)Observational epidemiological study
C)Single-blind study
D)Double-blind study

Accepted Answer

An observational epidemiological study would be the best choice to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This type of study allows for the observation of possible correlations between variables without manipulating any variables, which is important given that it would not be ethical to manipulate sodium intake in humans. The study would likely involve a large group of individuals with varying levels of sodium intake during adolescence, and the researchers would observe whether there is a correlation between high sodium intake during adolescence and high blood pressure readings in adulthood.

Question 5

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood.This study is an example of a ____ study.
A)retrospective
B)prospective
C)case-control
D)macrosomatic

Accepted Answer

This study is retrospective because the researchers are looking back at the participants' diets during adolescence to determine whether there is an association with high blood pressure in adulthood.

Question 6

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children.Based on this information,the researchers should design a (an)_____ study.
A)in-vivo
B)epidemiological
C)conventional
D)double-blind

Accepted Answer

An epidemiological study is concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. This type of study would be appropriate for investigating lifestyle factors associated with asthma in children across the United States. The study would likely involve analyzing surveys, medical records, and other data from a large population of children to identify potential risk factors for asthma. Additionally, the study would likely look at various lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and exposure to environmental toxins to try to identify risk factors associated with childhood asthma.

Question 7

A scientist adds 5 mcg of the mineral cadmium to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old laboratory mice.After twelve weeks,the researcher weighs and takes blood samples from each mouse.According to her findings,the mice lost weight during the 12-week period and they have abnormal levels of certain hormones in their blood.Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research,what would you tell the researcher about her findings?
A)Her results are very interesting and she should report her findings to nutrition scientists,so they can repeat her study and confirm the results.
B)The findings need to be summarized in a research article for submission to a peer-reviewed nutrition journal.
C)She needs to conduct more tests on the animals' blood,because her findings are incomplete.
D)The findings are not meaningful or valid because of the way she designed her study.

Accepted Answer

The researcher only added one variable (cadmium) to the mice's diets, and there was no control group. Without a control group, it is impossible to determine if the weight loss and abnormal hormone levels were caused by the cadmium or something else entirely. Therefore, the researcher's findings are not meaningful or valid, and she needs to redesign her study with a control group.

Question 8

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level,and he recommends the pills to his friends,because he thinks the supplement is helpful.Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an)________.
A)subjective bias
B)introspection
C)peer review
D)anecdote

Accepted Answer

Dylan's recommendation is based on his personal experience rather than scientific evidence, making it an anecdote.

Question 9

A nutrition researcher would like to determine whether healthy women who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy give birth to children who score higher on basic intelligence tests when they are 5 years of age.The scientist plans to compare the IQ test results of this group of children with the test results of a group of 5-year-old children with similar backgrounds whose mothers were healthy but did not take fish oil supplements when pregnant.This kind of research is a _____ study.
A)double-blind
B)in-vitro
C)intervention
D)retrospective

Accepted Answer

The answer of A nutrition researcher would like to determine...

Question 10

Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year study involving 25,000 adults who will follow their usual lifestyles while they participate in the study.One of the main goals of this particular scientific investigation is to determine lifestyle factors that contribute to stomach cancer.Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts?
A)Posting significant findings at the main researcher's Internet website
B)Establishing a place for the subjects to live for the duration of the study
C)Contacting the local news station to report their findings
D)Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Accepted Answer

Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal is a standard way for researchers to report their findings and have them reviewed by experts in the field before being accepted as reliable and accurate. This ensures that the research methods were rigorous and the conclusions are valid, which provides more credibility and impact to the findings. A, B, and C do not directly contribute to the research efforts or the dissemination of the results.

Question 11

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different human population groups are conducting a(n)____ study.
A)technological
B)epidemiological
C)in-vitro
D)pathological

Accepted Answer

Epidemiological studies investigate the distribution and determinants of health and disease in different populations, including factors like lifestyle that may contribute to obesity. Technological studies may involve the development or use of technology, in-vitro studies occur in a laboratory setting, and pathological studies focus on the study of disease processes.

Question 12

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?
A)Single-blind study
B)Double-blind study
C)Retrospective study
D)Experimental study

Accepted Answer

A retrospective study would be the best choice as it involves looking back at past lifestyle factors and comparing them to the incidence of liver cancer in the adult population. This type of study is particularly useful for identifying potential risk factors for diseases. Single-blind and double-blind studies are typically used to test the effectiveness of interventions or treatments, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables to identify causal relationships. None of these methods are well-suited to identifying lifestyle factors associated with disease risk.

Question 13

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of obesity.Which of the following activities is not likely to be a component of their research efforts?
A)Making observations and formulating a hypothesis
B)Collecting data and analyzing results
C)Posting findings at the main researcher's Internet web site
D)Submitting an article describing the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Accepted Answer

Posting findings on a main researcher's website is not a standard component of the scientific research process. Instead, findings are typically shared through conference presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals.

Question 14

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts.He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet.His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(an)________.
A)factoid
B)anecdote
C)case report
D)variable

Accepted Answer

Derek's report is an anecdote, which is a brief, often humorous or interesting, story about a real incident or person. It is not necessarily based on facts or evidence and should not be used to make scientific conclusions.

Question 15

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group.After 6 years,the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily.This study is an example of a(n)____ study.
A)prospective
B)introspective
C)retrospective
D)nutritive

Accepted Answer

A prospective study follows a group of individuals over a period of time to observe and collect data on specific health outcomes. In this case, the scientists enrolled healthy adults and collected dietary and lifestyle information, and then followed them for 6 years to determine the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and high blood pressure. This type of study design allows researchers to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

Question 16

A nutrition researcher adds 30 mg of the mineral iron to the daily diet of 50 4-week-old laboratory mice.After ten weeks,the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse.According to his findings,the mice developed abnormal levels of certain enzymes in their red blood cells.Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research,what would you tell him?
A)He should report his findings to other nutrition scientists,so they can repeat his study and confirm the results.
B)He should consider his findings as an observation and redesign the study to include a control group.
C)He should prepare a research article that describes his study and its results for submission to a peer-reviewed
Nutrition journal.
D)He should call a press conference and report his findings to the public,so they can avoid consuming excess iron.

Accepted Answer

The researcher needs to redesign the study to include a control group to properly evaluate if the abnormal levels of enzymes are due to the added iron or other factors. This will enable the researcher to draw more accurate conclusions and make viable recommendations. It is also important to repeat the study or share the findings with other nutrition scientists, but redesigning the study should be done first. Submission to a peer-reviewed nutrition journal may be appropriate after the redesign. Public announcement without proper confirmation and analysis of the findings would be premature and irresponsible.

Question 17

Generally,epidemiological studies ________.
A)involve in-vitro experimentation
B)establish causation without observations
C)cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships
D)prove positive correlations

Accepted Answer

Epidemiological studies can observe correlations and associations between variables, but they cannot definitively establish cause-and-effect relationships. Other types of studies, such as experimental studies, are needed for this purpose.

Question 18

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily.Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day,because she has heard the practice strengthens fingernails.The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(n)________.
A)placebo
B)anecdote
C)testimonial
D)hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The mother's advice is based on personal or second-hand experience rather than scientific evidence, making it an anecdote.

Question 19

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children.Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?
A)Interventional
B)Epidemiological
C)Double-blind
D)Human in-vivo experimental

Accepted Answer

An epidemiological study would be the best choice for this research question, as it would allow the researchers to observe and analyze the association between lifestyle factors and delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. This type of study does not involve any intervention, but rather examines the distribution and determinants of health outcomes within a population.

Question 20

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children.The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water.This study is an example of a(an)____ study.
A)conventional
B)uncontrollable
C)introspective
D)epidemiological

Accepted Answer

This study is looking at the relationship between environmental factors (high levels of lead in drinking water) and health outcomes (delayed physical growth). An epidemiological study is a type of study that looks at the distribution and determinants of health and disease in specific populations.

Quiz 2: Evaluating Nutrition Information

Over a 2-year period,a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with excessive weight gain.This study is an example of a(n) ____ study.

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily.He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because,he claims,the vitamin protects him from cold viruses.His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood.This study is an example of a ____ study.

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children.Based on this information,the researchers should design a (an) _____ study.

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level,and he recommends the pills to his friends,because he thinks the supplement is helpful.Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an) ________.

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different human population groups are conducting a(n) ____ study.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of obesity.Which of the following activities is not likely to be a component of their research efforts?

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts.He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet.His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(an) ________.

Generally,epidemiological studies ________.

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily.Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day,because she has heard the practice strengthens fingernails.The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(n) ________.

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children.Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children.The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water.This study is an example of a(an) ____ study.