Question 1

In the Pratto et al. (1994) study about views of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which of the following was true of the opinions of U.S. college students high in social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Students high in social dominance orientation were more willing to sacrifice personally for the war, reflecting their support for hierarchical group relationships and dominance.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of voluntarist environmental polices?

Accepted Answer

Voluntarist environmental policies may work better for collectivist nations where social responsibility is valued over individualism. Therefore, option B is not a benefit of voluntarist environmental policies.

Question 3

Terrence believes that the HIV virus is a government conspiracy to kill off the "undesirables" in society. Which of the following is also likely to be true of Terrence?

Accepted Answer

Terrence's belief in a government conspiracy to kill off certain groups suggests that he may feel like an outsider or not fully accepted by society, which can lead to feelings of alienation.

Question 4

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency punishes violators of environmental policies using police power. This type of environmental intervention is a

Accepted Answer

The use of police power to punish violators is a hallmark of command-and-control policies in environmental regulation. This approach involves setting specific standards and using enforcement actions to ensure compliance. Public goods policies focus on providing collective benefits such as protecting natural resources, while market-based policies use market mechanisms to encourage environmentally friendly behavior. Voluntarist policies rely on voluntary actions and incentives to achieve environmental goals.

Question 5

A_________________policy involves an offer of reward to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A market-based policy involves offering incentives or rewards to individuals or companies that reduce their negative impact on society. This approach relies on the free market to encourage socially responsible behavior.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a market-based environmental policy?

Accepted Answer

The Red Cross asking people to donate blood is not a market-based environmental policy as it does not relate to environmental protection or conservation. Choices A, B, and C all involve market-based incentives to encourage environmentally friendly behavior.

Question 7

The idea that higher social dominance orientation among men is due to both biological and cultural factors has been labeled a

Accepted Answer

The idea that higher social dominance orientation among men is due to both biological and cultural factors is a biocultural interactionist position, which suggests that there is an interaction between biology and culture in shaping behavior. The other answer choices do not account for both biological and cultural factors in explaining social dominance orientation among men.

Question 8

In contrast to other environmental policies,_________________policies do not appeal to law or economics.

Accepted Answer

Voluntarist policies rely on persuasion and incentives rather than legal mandates or economic incentives.

Question 9

The United States' attempts to be tough with Iraqis have led to increasing Iraqi support for anti-American military forces, which would lend support to the_________________view of international conflict.

Accepted Answer

The reference to the "increasing Iraqi support for anti-American military forces" suggests that the situation is escalating and that the use of force by the United States is only leading to a "conflict spiral." This aligns with the conflict spiral view of international conflict, which posits that the use of force begets more violence and hostility. The other choices, such as deterrence view, intergroup conflict, and social dominance, do not capture the escalating nature of the situation and the feedback loop of violence.

Question 10

A market-based policy regarding environmental problems is

Accepted Answer

A market-based policy offers incentives for behavior that reduces harm to the environment, rather than simply punishing violators. This can include rewards for adopting eco-friendly practices, such as tax credits or rebates for purchasing energy-efficient appliances or vehicles. By creating economic benefits for environmentally responsible behavior, market-based policies can encourage individuals and businesses to make environmentally friendly choices even when they may not feel a direct sense of social responsibility.

Question 11

A policy which fines homeowners if they use too much water is an example of a__________________________________policy.

Accepted Answer

A policy that includes fines for using too much water is a command-and-control policy, which is a regulatory approach where the government sets mandatory rules and enforces them through penalties or incentives.

Question 12

In laboratory experiments on social dilemmas, rewards for cooperation work more effectively than punishments for non-cooperation, suggesting that_________________policies may be more effective than_________________policies.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that reward-based policies (which are market-based) work more effectively than punishment-based policies (which are command-and-control) in promoting cooperation in social dilemmas, implying that market-based policies may be more effective than command-and-control policies. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 13

The tendency to respect power and rigidly cohere to society's conventions are characteristics of

Accepted Answer

The tendency to respect power and rigidly cohere to society's conventions are characteristics of authoritarians. Option A, social dominance orientation, refers to a belief system that supports hierarchies and social dominance by certain groups. Option B, low self-monitors, refers to individuals who do not closely monitor their behavior in social situations. Option D, individualists, prioritize individual freedom and autonomy, which is not related to the characteristics described in the question.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait that predicts social and political attitudes, and it is generally found that men score higher on SDO than women across various cultures and social groups. This reflects a greater preference for inequality among groups and a hierarchical group orientation.

Question 15

A community group wants to encourage people to ride their bikes to work instead of driving their cars. Which of the following programs would be a market-based policy for bike-riding?

Accepted Answer

Giving people a gift certificate for lunch every day they ride their bike is an example of a market-based policy known as a positive incentive. By providing a reward for biking, it encourages people to engage in the behavior the community group wants to promote. Increasing the price of parking cars (A) and fining people for driving their cars (C) are examples of economic incentives, but they are negative incentives that penalize those who do not follow the desired behavior. Sending out fliers (B) is an example of an information-based policy, but it does not provide any incentives to encourage people to ride their bikes.

Question 16

The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce defensive hostilities is associated with the

Accepted Answer

The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce defensive hostilities is associated with the conflict spiral view. This view posits that when one country takes actions that are perceived as threatening to another, the other country may respond with defensive or aggressive actions, leading to a spiral of conflict. To avoid this spiral, leaders must show peaceful intentions and communicate clearly to reduce the perception of threat.

Question 17

Which of the following is FALSE regarding authoritarians?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarians are generally more favorable towards a strong military as it represents power and control.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender differences and social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that men, due to their evolutionary history of competing for mates, tend to have higher levels of social dominance orientation. This is because higher social status is often associated with greater reproductive success in men. While there may be some biological factors at play, cultural and societal factors also play a significant role in shaping gender differences in social dominance orientation.

Question 19

Voluntarist environmental policies attempt to motivate individuals' sense of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Voluntarist environmental policies attempt to motivate individuals'...

Question 20

The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by an opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force is the

Accepted Answer

The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by an opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force is the deterrence view.

Quiz 13: Social Dilemmas: Cooperation Versus Conflict