Question 1

An intelligence quotient (IQ)

Accepted Answer

IQ indicates how much a person's score deviates from the average score of people the same age, not a ratio of chronological to mental age.

Question 2

The goal of mental testing is to

Accepted Answer

The goal of mental testing is to measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance. This involves assessing cognitive abilities and using the results to make predictions about future academic and intellectual success. Options A, B, and C do not accurately reflect the primary purpose of mental testing.

Question 3

Compared with cognitive theories,mental tests

Accepted Answer

Mental tests are designed to measure the products of cognitive development, such as language ability and problem-solving skills. Cognitive theories, on the other hand, focus on the process of development, including the mental processes and mechanisms that underlie cognitive growth. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Option B is incorrect because mental tests do not assess the process of development, but rather the end results of cognitive maturation. Option C is incorrect because mental tests may not always accurately measure what infants and toddlers understand, as they may be limited in their ability to express their knowledge. Option D is also incorrect because mental tests do not necessarily focus on environmental influences on intelligence, but rather measure individual differences in cognitive performance.

Question 4

Professor Zettler regards language development as entirely due to environmental influences.Professor Zettler's belief is consistent with the ___________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Professor Zettler's belief that language development is entirely due to environmental influences aligns with the behaviorist perspective, which emphasizes the role of conditioning and reinforcement in shaping behavior. The nativist perspective, on the other hand, suggests that language development has innate biological roots, while the interactionist and sociocultural perspectives acknowledge the influence of both nature and nurture on language acquisition.

Question 5

____________ is a much better indicator than an early mental test score of how children will do later.

Accepted Answer

Warm, responsive parenting has been shown to have a strong correlation with positive outcomes for children's social, emotional, and cognitive development. While organization of the play environment, provision of appropriate play materials, and motor development are important factors for a child's overall development, they are not necessarily better indicators than warm, responsive parenting.

Question 6

Child care in the United States is

Accepted Answer

Child care in the United States is affected by a macrosystem of individualistic values and weak government regulation and funding. This leads to a lack of quality control and inadequate access to affordable, high-quality child care for many families. State regulations vary widely, and there is no federal mandate for minimum standards or funding for child care programs. As a result, the quality of child care is often inconsistent and can vary widely within and between states.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about make-believe play?

Accepted Answer

Make-believe play allows children to use their imagination and explore different roles, which can help them develop problem-solving skills, empathy, creativity, and an understanding of social norms and cultural practices. Research has shown that children who engage in frequent make-believe play tend to have better language and literacy skills, as well as better social and emotional development. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they are not supported by research findings.

Question 8

In contrast to the United States,most European countries

Accepted Answer

European countries generally have more extensive regulations in place to ensure the quality of child care, such as setting ratios for children to caregivers, requiring specific qualifications for providers, and conducting regular inspections.

Question 9

Research on child care in the United States shows that

Accepted Answer

Research on child care in the United States shows that only 20 to 25 percent of child-care settings provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development. This means that a majority of child-care settings may not adequately meet the developmental needs of young children.

Question 10

Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true abilities because

Accepted Answer

Infants and toddlers can become easily distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing, which can affect their performance and result in scores that do not accurately reflect their true abilities.

Question 11

Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance.

Accepted Answer

The HOME checklist measures the quality and quantity of interactions between a child and their caregiver, including how often the caregiver talks to the child. Research has consistently found that talking to infants and toddlers is a strong predictor of their cognitive development, including intelligence test performance. Engaging in physical activity, watching educational TV, and make-believe play may also be beneficial for a child's development, but they are not specifically highlighted in research using the HOME checklist.

Question 12

Today,infant mental tests are largely used for

Accepted Answer

Infant mental tests are primarily used for screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems, such as delays or disabilities. They are not intended to predict later intelligence or measure higher-order cognitive skills, although some of the tasks may assess memory, quickness, and flexibility of thinking.

Question 13

Research showed that by age 3,children in Early Head Start

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children in Early Head Start programs demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development, compared to those who did not participate in such programs. There was no evidence of a "washout effect" or increase in aggression, and while IQ scores can increase with intervention, the average increase is not as high as 15 points.

Question 14

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Accepted Answer

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development includes a cognitive scale, a language scale, and a motor scale. These scales assess a range of abilities beyond just perceptual and motor responses. While they may not reflect the same aspects of intelligence assessed in adulthood, they have been shown to have good long-term predictions of childhood intellectual functioning.

Question 15

Good quality child care

Accepted Answer

While good quality child care cannot solve all the problems associated with a stressed, poverty-stricken home life, research suggests that it can have a positive impact on children's development and well-being. It can provide a safe and supportive environment where children can learn and grow, receive proper nutrition, and have access to health care. However, it is important to note that not all child care is of good quality, and there are significant disparities in access to quality care based on socioeconomic status. Nonetheless, efforts can be made to improve the quality of child care and to ensure that more families have access to it.

Question 16

In the United States today,more than ______ percent of mothers with a child under age 2 are employed.

Accepted Answer

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2021, 60% of mothers with children under the age of 2 are employed.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about early intervention?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that early intervention programs are most effective when they combine both center-based and home-based services, as this approach provides comprehensive support to children and their families.

Question 18

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that early make-believe play is the result of both children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. While toddlers may initiate play, parents and older siblings also play a role in promoting make-believe play. Additionally, the frequency and richness of make-believe play have been found to vary across cultures, with some collectivist cultures showing less emphasis on individualistic imaginary play. Finally, make-believe play is not discovered by toddlers independently, but rather it is a learned behavior that emerges as children develop representational schemes.

Question 19

Dr.Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing.If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution,the results were probably ______-shaped.

Accepted Answer

A normal distribution is often called a "bell curve" because of its shape, which is roughly symmetric and has a peak in the middle.

Question 20

Home-based early intervention for at-risk infants and toddlers

Accepted Answer

Home-based early intervention programs provide parents with the knowledge and skills to stimulate their young children's development. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect as research has demonstrated that home-based interventions are effective. Option B is also not accurate as home-based interventions involve caregiver education. Option D is not universally true, as some home-based interventions have been found to improve cognitive performance as well.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood