Question 1

The author of The Limits of the Criminal Sanction was _____________.

Accepted Answer

The author of The Limits of the Criminal Sanction is Herbert Packer.

Question 2

In the case of __________ the Supreme Court mandated that every criminal defendant charged with a felony is entitled to the assistance of counsel.

Accepted Answer

Gideon v. Wainwright is the famous case where the Supreme Court established the right of every criminal defendant charged with a felony to be provided with an attorney, even if they could not afford one on their own. This decision was based on the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees the right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions.

Question 3

Which of the following models requires strict adherence to the constitution?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

The exclusionary rule was created by ___________________.

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule was created by the judiciary, specifically by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Weeks v. United States (1914) and later refined in Mapp v. Ohio (1961). The rule states that evidence obtained through an illegal or unconstitutional search or seizure cannot be used against a defendant in court.

Question 5

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice was established by _________________.

Accepted Answer

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice was established by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 to address issues in law enforcement and the administration of justice.

Question 6

In The Limits of the Criminal Sanction the author presents ___________.

Accepted Answer

Throughout the article, the author explores and critiques the two main models of the Criminal Justice System, the due process model and the crime control model. The article does not provide a constitutional model, discuss penalties for specific crimes, or make an argument for the legalization of drugs.

Question 7

Who depicted the criminal justice process in the shape of a wedding cake?

Accepted Answer

Samuel Walker is known for depicting the criminal justice process in the shape of a wedding cake, a model that illustrates the varying levels of seriousness and attention given to different types of criminal cases.

Question 8

The Wickersham Commission occurred in __________________.

Accepted Answer

The Wickersham Commission occurred in 1929.

Question 9

If an officer has ______________ that a person might be engaged in the commission of a crime, the officer is authorized to stop the person, ask questions, and frisk him or her to see if they are dangerous.

Accepted Answer

The concept of reasonable suspicion is a legal term that refers to a situation where an officer has specific, articulable facts that, under the totality of circumstances, provide a basis to reasonably suspect that a person is, was, or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. This level of suspicion is less than probable cause but is enough to justify a brief investigative stop, a limited detention, and a pat-down search for weapons if the officer has a reasonable belief that the person might be armed and dangerous. Mens rea and actus reus refer to elements of criminal intent and criminal act, respectively, and are not relevant to this scenario. Habeas corpus is a legal action that requires a person who is detained to be brought before a court or judge to determine the lawfulness of the detention, but it is not applicable to an officer’s decision to make a Terry stop or frisk.

Question 10

The Supreme Court has ruled that the police have _____________ to take a suspect into custody when "the fact and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they [have] reasonable trustworthy information [are] sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [suspect] has committed or was committing an offence."

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has established the concept of probable cause as the legal standard for police officers to take a suspect into custody or to obtain a warrant for an arrest. This standard requires that the officers have sufficient facts and information to lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed by the suspect.

Question 11

Which of the following are part of the eight goals for the ideal criminal justice system according to LaFave and Israel?

Accepted Answer

All of the choices are part of the eight goals for the ideal criminal justice system according to LaFave and Israel.

Question 12

The practice of finding inadmissible evidence that is illegally obtained is called the ______________.

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule is the practice of finding inadmissible evidence that is illegally obtained. This rule is based on the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is meant to deter law enforcement from conducting illegal searches and seizures. The probable cause is the standard used by law enforcement to justify a search or arrest, the warrant requirement is the process by which law enforcement must obtain a warrant from a judge before conducting a search or arrest, and the justice rule is not a legal term.

Question 13

Which of the following models resembles an assembly line?

Accepted Answer

The crime control model resembles an assembly line because it emphasizes efficiency and standardized procedures to process cases quickly and dispose of them through guilty pleas, plea bargains or expedited trials. This model sees the criminal justice system as a conveyor belt where the main goal is to maintain social order by controlling crime and punishing offenders. This approach values speed and finality over accuracy and due process protections.

Question 14

In the case of ____________ the Supreme Court ruled that arrestees have the right to be informed of their "right to remain silent".

Accepted Answer

The case of Miranda v. Arizona established the "Miranda warning," which requires police officers to inform suspects in custody of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney. This case has had a significant impact on police procedures and the criminal justice system, and is often referenced in popular culture.

Question 15

The emerging evidence-based movement in the social sciences calls for systematic reviews of criminal justice policies and programs that look for solid empirical support for

Accepted Answer

The emerging evidence-based movement in the social sciences emphasizes the importance of systematic reviews to identify what works, what doesn't work, and what looks promising in criminal justice policies and programs, thus supporting all of the given options.

Question 16

Which of the following models is known as an obstacle course?

Accepted Answer

The due process model is often described as an obstacle course because it emphasizes the need to protect the rights of the individual, making it more challenging for the state to prove guilt. This model prioritizes fairness, accuracy, and the rights of defendants, often resulting in a series of procedural safeguards that act as obstacles to quick and decisive law enforcement action.

Question 17

In the 1960's the U.S. Supreme Court addressed many issues of rights for minorities and women under the leadership of ________________.

Accepted Answer

Chief Justice Earl Warren led the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1960s and oversaw several landmark cases related to minority and women's rights, including Brown v. Board of Education and Roe v. Wade.

Question 18

According to your text, the sum total of society's activities to defend itself against the actions it defines as criminal is called ______________.

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe society's efforts to prevent and respond to criminal behavior is criminal justice. This refers to a system that includes law enforcement, courts, and correctional facilities, all working together to investigate, prosecute, and punish criminal activity.

Question 19

Which of the following models focuses on the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice process?

Accepted Answer

The Crime Control model focuses on the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice process, emphasizing the importance of quick and certain punishment for criminals. The Due Process model and Constitutional model, on the other hand, prioritize protecting the individual rights of suspects and defendants, and require strict adherence to the Constitution.

Question 20

Approximately, _______ of all crimes known to the police come from victim initiatives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately, _______ of all crimes known to...

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