Question 1

The term parens patriae means ________________.

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is a Latin term that translates to "parent of the country." This legal doctrine gives power to the state to act as a "parent" in order to protect people who cannot protect themselves, such as children, elderly individuals, and those who are mentally or physically incapacitated.

Question 2

In the case of ____________ the Supreme Court ruled that arrestees have the right to be informed of their "right to remain silent."

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the case of ____________ the Supreme...

Question 3

The term in loco parentis means ________________.

Accepted Answer

In loco parentis is a Latin phrase that means "in place of the parent." This term is often used in legal contexts to describe situations where an individual or entity assumes the role and responsibilities of a parent, such as a teacher or school administrator.

Question 4

According to your text, the sum total of society's activities to defend itself against the actions it defines as criminal is called ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, the sum total...

Question 5

The supervised conditional release of a convicted prisoner before expiration of the sentence of imprisonment is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Parole is the supervised conditional release of a convicted prisoner before the expiration of their sentence of imprisonment, usually based on good behavior or other factors. Probation is also a type of supervised release, but it is usually given as a sentence instead of imprisonment or in combination with a shorter prison sentence. A conviction is the result of a trial where a person is found guilty of a crime. A pardon is a form of forgiveness granted by a government or head of state, which overturns a conviction and removes all legal consequences of a crime.

Question 6

Ultimately, the decision to charge the defendant with a crime rests with the _______.

Accepted Answer

The decision to charge the defendant with a crime rests with the prosecutor, who is responsible for representing the government and ensuring that justice is served. The judge presides over the trial and applies the law, while the defense attorney represents the accused. The victim may play a role in the prosecution's decision to charge the defendant, but ultimately it is up to the prosecutor to decide whether there is enough evidence to move forward with the case.

Question 7

According to your text, the greatest of English legal scholars was ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, the greatest of...

Question 8

An accusation against a criminal defendant rendered by a grand jury on the basis of evidence is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

An indictment is a formal accusation against a criminal defendant that is rendered by a grand jury on the basis of evidence. This indictment charges the defendant with one or more criminal offenses and leads to a trial. An information is a similar document, but it is issued by a prosecutor instead of a grand jury. A conviction is a finding of guilt by a judge or jury, while an acquittal is a finding of not guilty.

Question 9

A panel of sixteen to twenty-three citizens who screen the prosecutor's evidence, in secret hearings, to decide whether someone should be formally charged with a crime is called ______.

Accepted Answer

A grand jury is the panel of citizens who screen the prosecutor's evidence to decide whether to formally charge someone with a crime. A petit jury is the panel of citizens who hear the evidence presented in court and determine guilt or innocence. A preliminary hearing is a court proceeding in which a judge determines whether there is enough evidence to proceed to trial. Arraignment is the proceeding in which a person accused of a crime is formally charged and enters a plea.

Question 10

A ________ case exists when there seems to be sufficient evidence to convict the defendant.

Accepted Answer

A prima facie case is one where there is enough evidence to support a conviction if it remains unrefuted.

Question 11

In the 1960's the U.S. Supreme Court addressed many issues of rights for minorities and women under the leadership of ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1960's the U.S. Supreme Court...

Question 12

Which case awarded juveniles constitutional rights that are similar to the ones that adults have.

Accepted Answer

In re Gault was the case that awarded juveniles constitutional rights similar to those of adults. The Supreme Court ruled that juveniles have the right to due process, including the right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, and the right to cross-examine witnesses. This landmark case established that juveniles are not exempt from the protections provided by the Constitution.

Question 13

The preview of a trial held in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce sufficient evidence for the case to proceed to trial is called a ____________.

Accepted Answer

A preliminary hearing is a preview of a trial held in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce sufficient evidence for the case to proceed to trial. A trial test and an adjudicatory hearing are not commonly used legal terms, and an indictment is a formal charging document issued by a grand jury, not a hearing.

Question 14

In the case of __________ the Supreme Court mandated that every criminal defendant charged with a felony is entitled to the assistance of counsel.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the case of __________ the Supreme...

Question 15

Criminal activities extending into, and violating the laws of several countries are called __________.

Accepted Answer

Transnational crimes refer to criminal activities that involve crossing borders between multiple countries and violating the laws of those countries. This term is commonly used by law enforcement agencies and international organizations like Interpol to describe crimes that occur across boundaries. The other answer choices do not accurately describe this type of criminal activity.

Question 16

_____________ is an alternative to imprisonment, allowing a person found guilty of an offense to stay in the community, under conditions and with supervision.

Accepted Answer

Probation is an alternative to imprisonment where the offender is allowed to remain in the community under specific conditions and supervision. Parole is a similar concept, but it is a conditional release of an offender from prison early, whereas probation is an alternative to incarceration altogether. Conviction is a legal verdict that finds a defendant guilty of a criminal offense, but it does not refer to an alternative to imprisonment. A concurrent sentence is when multiple sentences for different offenses are served at the same time, which is also not related to an alternative to imprisonment.

Question 17

______________ of criminal acts have been called the "most influential" of all the decision makers of the entire criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______________ of criminal acts have been called...

Question 18

An accusation against a criminal defendant prepared by a prosecuting attorney to be presented at a preliminary hearing is called ___________.

Accepted Answer

An "information" is a formal accusation made by a prosecutor without a grand jury indictment, typically used in preliminary hearings.

Question 19

The rate of people being diverted out of the criminal process is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The attrition rate refers to the rate of people being diverted out of the criminal process, either through dismissal of charges or other means. Acquittals refer to cases where the defendant is found not guilty, parole refers to release of a prisoner before the end of their sentence, and sentencing guidelines refer to the range of sentences that judges can choose from for a given offense.

Question 20

The first American juvenile court was established in 1899 in _____________.

Accepted Answer

The first American juvenile court was established in Chicago in 1899 under the leadership of Judge Julian Mack. The establishment of this court marked a significant shift in the way that the justice system dealt with children who had committed crimes. Prior to the establishment of the juvenile court, children were often treated the same as adult criminals and faced the same penalties, including imprisonment and even execution. The juvenile court was designed to take into account the unique needs and circumstances of young offenders and to provide them with rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Quiz 1: Criminal Justice: Introduction and Overviewcriminal Justice: the Origins of a Young Disciplinecreating a Criminal Justice