Question 1

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds ______.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures, and that he found that the birds "pecked the human figures." Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 2

Steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic. He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. He returns to his old neighborhood. You predict that within six months, Steven will ______.

Accepted Answer

Unfortunately, statistically it is common for individuals who struggle with drug addiction to experience relapse. It is important for Steven to have a solid support network in place and access to resources to prevent relapse from occurring. However, without more information about his specific situation, it cannot be guaranteed that he will relapse within six months.

Question 3

Harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing.
When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough
Block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the
Monkey will _______.

Accepted Answer

The monkey has learned that choosing the rough block results in a reward (raisin). Therefore, it is likely that the monkey will continue to choose the block with the rougher texture, which in this case is the new, very rough block. This is known as the "matching law," which states that animals (including humans) tend to choose options that have a higher probability of providing a greater reward.

Question 4

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

Accepted Answer

The effects of extinction and punishment can generalize to other behaviors or situations where the same stimuli are present, whereas the effects of reinforcement are often specific to the behavior or situation that was reinforced.

Question 5

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by _______.

Accepted Answer

Frederick's belief in inhibitory and excitatory gradients of generalization aligns with the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by Spence. This theory suggests that stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit both excitatory and inhibitory responses, leading to a more precise discrimination between stimuli. Pavlov's theory focused on classical conditioning, while Lashley and Wade's theory focused on the role of cortical functions in behavior. Herrnstein's theory focused on operant conditioning and the concept of reinforcement.

Question 6

In _______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard.

Accepted Answer

The task described in the question is oddity matching, which involves selecting the stimulus that is different from a standard. Matching to nonsample involves selecting a stimulus that matches a sample, error matching involves selecting a stimulus that matches a specific type of error, and difference matching involves selecting the stimulus that differs from a comparison stimulus in a specific way. Therefore, the correct answer is B) oddity matching.

Question 7

The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training.

Accepted Answer

The CS+ in Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the S+ (discriminative stimulus) in operant discrimination training, which is a concept discussed by Lashley and Wade.

Question 8

In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

Accepted Answer

Matching to sample involves selecting the stimulus that matches a standard, as opposed to selecting a non-matching stimulus (which would be a mismatch). Stimulus selection and discriminating are more general terms that could apply to a variety of tasks, whereas matching to sample is a specific type of task with a well-defined methodology.

Question 9

In errorless discrimination training, _______.

Accepted Answer

In errorless discrimination training, the S^∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased to minimize errors and enhance learning. The other options are not accurate descriptions of errorless discrimination training.

Question 10

Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the _______.

Accepted Answer

The differential outcomes effect refers to the use of different outcomes, such as rewards or punishments, for different responses in order to improve discrimination learning. This technique has been shown to enhance learning and reduce errors. The other options, differential reinforcement effect, discriminated avoidance effect, and stimulus control effect, refer to other aspects of behavior modification and are not directly related to discrimination training.

Question 11

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Spence's theory proposed that stimuli that deviate from the average tend to be more salient and elicit stronger responses. This concept is related to the peak shift phenomenon, which was discovered after Spence's theory and describes how animals may respond more strongly to stimuli that are farther from the average, or peak, of the stimuli they have been trained to respond to. Therefore, Spence's theory can be seen as anticipating the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

Question 12

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and
Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Pigeons have been trained to successfully discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, as well as other artists, based on visual cues in the artwork.

Question 13

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing. Judy is engaged in _______.

Accepted Answer

Judy is engaged in concept training because she is teaching the monkey to recognize and select a specific shape (a sphere) among various other shapes to receive a reward, thereby teaching the concept of that shape.

Question 14

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is _______.

Accepted Answer

Herbert Terrace is most associated with errorless discrimination training, which is a method for teaching new skills without allowing errors to occur during initial learning. This approach has been used in animal training and in teaching individuals with developmental disabilities.

Question 15

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is _______.

Accepted Answer

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD (discriminative stimulus), but not in the presence of an S- (stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement), it means that the behavior is under stimulus control. This means that the behavior only occurs when the discriminative stimulus is present, indicating a reliable contingency between the behavior and the consequence (reinforcement or punishment) that follows it.

Question 16

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on
A scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably
Receive the lowest rating.

Accepted Answer

Since Bill paired the word psychologist with negative words, there is a higher chance that the respondents will rate professions related to psychology, such as social work, negatively. The other professions listed are not related to psychology and therefore are less likely to be negatively impacted by the experiment.

Question 17

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced ________.

Accepted Answer

A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day will smoke 73,000 cigarettes in a year.

Question 18

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generalization is a by-product of learning that...

Question 19

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency for a behavior to be elicited in the presence of a stimulus similar to the original stimulus that was present when the behavior was learned. This can result in the behavior "traveling" to new situations that share similarities with the original learning context.

Question 20

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, mental rotation data...

Quiz 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control