What Is a Difference Between Middle Managers and Upper-Level Managers

What is a difference between middle managers and upper-level managers that makes ethics training of particular importance for the middle manager?

A) Middle managers place more pressure on their subordinates than they receive from their own upper-level managers.
B) Middle managers are often younger and more inexperienced, and thus, they are in greater need of instruction.
C) Middle managers have less hierarchical pressure to keep them disciplined.
D) Middle managers have greater impact on the ethics of subordinates.