Question 1

According to the ecological approach, differences in ecology generate differences in ________, which in turn shapes ________.
A) socialization; culture
B) personality; culture
C) culture; socialization
D) behavior; personality

Accepted Answer

The ecological approach suggests that variations in the environment or ecology lead to differences in culture, and these cultural differences then influence the process of socialization.

Question 2

In Triandis's model, the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land are called the culture's
A) ecology.
B) complexity.
C) socialization processes.
D) personality.

Accepted Answer

In Triandis's model, the term "ecology" refers to the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land. This encompasses how a culture adapts to its environment, including both the natural environment and the social conditions it faces.

Question 3

What does it mean for a culture to think holistically?
A) It explains events in context and seeks to integrate divergent points of view.
B) It describes people in terms of their traits, life stories, and personal goals.
C) It describes the world as it stands in the present moment.
D) It explains events in isolation and seeks to set different points of views against one another.

Accepted Answer

Holistic thinking involves understanding events, behaviors, and phenomena by considering the broader context and integrating different perspectives, rather than isolating them or viewing them in opposition.

Question 4

Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures.
A) holistically
B) logically
C) creatively
D) intelligently

Accepted Answer

Research in cross-cultural psychology indicates that individuals from collectivist cultures tend to think more holistically, considering context and relationships, whereas those from individualistic cultures often focus more on analytical and linear thinking.

Question 5

Shalom Schwartz and Lilach Sagiv (1995) identified ________ and ________ as the two basic dimensions that they believe organize universal values.
A) openness to change versus conservatism; self-transcendence versus self-enhancement
B) openness to change versus conservatism; agency versus communion
C) collectivism versus individualism; vertical versus horizontal
D) agency versus communion; utilitarian versus deontic

Accepted Answer

Schwartz and Sagiv (1995) proposed that the two basic dimensions organizing universal values are "openness to change versus conservatism" and "self-transcendence versus self-enhancement." These dimensions capture the conflicts between values that emphasize independent thought, action, and feelings and readiness for change (openness to change) versus those that emphasize order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change (conservatism), as well as the conflict between values that focus on the welfare and interests of others (self-transcendence) versus those that focus on the pursuit of one’s own success and dominance over others (self-enhancement).

Question 6

Rakim argues that a particular culture's distinctive view of reality simply exists and believes that there is no way to meaningfully address the origin of cultural differences. Rakim seems to subscribe to which philosophical tradition?
A) empiricism
B) existentialism
C) deconstructionism
D) naturalism

Accepted Answer

Rakim's view aligns with deconstructionism, which suggests that cultural meanings and differences are constructed and cannot be traced back to a singular origin or absolute truth.

Question 7

The example of the abortion debate that illustrates the difference between personal freedoms and group moral responsibility illustrates which inherent cultural distinction?
A) tough versus easy
B) horizontal versus vertical
C) individualism versus collectivism
D) etic versus emic

Accepted Answer

The abortion debate often centers around the conflict between individual rights (personal freedoms) and societal or group norms and morals (group moral responsibility), which is a classic example of the distinction between individualism and collectivism in cultural studies. Individualism values the rights and freedoms of the individual, while collectivism emphasizes the needs, values, and obligations of the group or community.

Question 8

Which value would MOST likely be associated with a collectivist culture?
A) liberty
B) reciprocity
C) rights
D) freedom

Accepted Answer

Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of each individual. Reciprocity, the mutual exchange between people and the group, aligns with collectivist values, emphasizing cooperation and mutual support.

Question 9

Why is relativism considered bad in the context of cross-cultural psychology?
A) Researchers may disregard cultural practices and customs that are actually quite harmful to the group.
B) Researchers may be too biased by their own ethnocentrism to accurately judge another culture.
C) Cultural relativism tends to increase the likelihood for out-group homogeneity biases.
D) Cultural relativism might decrease the likelihood of finding cultural emics.

Accepted Answer

Cultural relativism can lead to overlooking harmful practices within a culture, as it promotes understanding and acceptance of cultural differences without judgment.

Question 10

The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the
A) ethnocentric error.
B) in-group favoritism bias.
C) bicultural contrast error.
D) outgroup homogeneity bias.

Accepted Answer

The outgroup homogeneity bias is a psychological phenomenon where individuals perceive members of their own group (in-group) as being more diverse and varied, while viewing members of an outgroup as more similar to each other. This bias can affect social perception and interactions, leading to stereotyping and discrimination.

Question 11

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to
A) judge another culture from the point of view of our own.
B) see members of groups to which we do not belong as all being alike.
C) see members of our own ethnic group as all being very different from one another.
D) limit the focus of cross-cultural research by studying one group at a time.

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism involves evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture, which aligns with choice A's description of judging another culture from the point of view of our own.

Question 12

One reason Europeans were able to colonize and dominate other cultures was that they
A) never needed to develop metal-based tools for agriculture.
B) lived close together in cities and thereby developed immunities to certain diseases.
C) gathered food rather than hunted or farmed.
D) failed to appreciate the importance of their local geography.

Accepted Answer

Europeans living in close proximity in cities helped them develop immunities to various diseases. When they came into contact with other cultures, these immunities allowed them to survive diseases that devastated the indigenous populations, aiding in their colonization efforts.

Question 13

Cross-cultural researchers interested in discovering universal values are developing an ________ measure.
A) emic
B) etic
C) ethnocentric
D) endogenous

Accepted Answer

Etic measures are designed for comparing cultural phenomena across cultures, aiming to find universal aspects or values, unlike emic measures which are culture-specific.

Question 14

Extraversion, openness, and sociosexuality might be lower in countries near the equator because low levels of these traits
A) facilitate greater group cooperation.
B) reduce interpersonal contact and disease risk.
C) promote psychological well-being in warm climates.
D) facilitate hunting in complicated ecological systems.

Accepted Answer

These traits might be lower in equatorial regions as a way to reduce interpersonal contact, which in turn can lower the risk of transmitting diseases. In areas where disease transmission is a greater risk due to climate and population density, behaviors that limit extensive social interactions can be adaptive.

Question 15

Given that around half of the world's population is bilingual, half of the world's population is also likely to
A) be left-handed.
B) have a high level of bicultural identity formation.
C) be bicultural.
D) be ethnocentric.

Accepted Answer

Being bilingual often correlates with being bicultural, as language is a key component of culture and many bilingual individuals are exposed to multiple cultures.

Question 16

We are MOST likely to commit ethnocentrism when the "real" nature of the situation
A) is difficult to understand.
B) directly affects us.
C) seems very obvious.
D) does not involve us.

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism is the act of judging another culture based on the standards of one's own culture, especially with the belief that one's own culture is superior. This is most likely to occur when the nature of a situation seems very obvious to us, as we naturally apply our own cultural norms and values to understand and evaluate it, often without considering the cultural context of the other party involved.

Question 17

Jinny's parents are from China, but she was born and raised in the United States. If Jinny believes that American culture and Chinese culture are in conflict with each other, she is likely to be ________ in ________.
A) high; bicultural identity integration
B) low; bicultural identity integration
C) high; ethnocentrism
D) low; ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

Jinny is likely to be low in bicultural identity integration because she perceives American culture and Chinese culture as being in conflict with each other. Bicultural identity integration refers to how individuals integrate multiple cultural identities, and a low level suggests difficulty in merging these identities due to perceived differences or conflicts.

Question 18

The idea that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise is called
A) the semiotic subject fallacy.
B) the deconstructionist dodge.
C) cultural relativism.
D) semiotic pluralism.

Accepted Answer

Cultural relativism is the concept that suggests all cultural beliefs and practices are equally valid and should be understood from the perspective of the culture in which they are practiced. It argues against ethnocentric judgments of other cultures.

Question 19

Individuals from which country would be the LEAST willing to describe themselves in contradictory terms?
A) China
B) Japan
C) India
D) United States

Accepted Answer

Individuals from the United States are generally less willing to describe themselves in contradictory terms due to a cultural emphasis on consistency and clarity in self-concept, contrasting with the more holistic and context-dependent self-views common in many Asian cultures.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT evidence for genetic differences as a source of cultural differences?
A) The DRD4 gene has been found in both Americans and Asians.
B) Individuals from collectivistic cultures tend to have more children.
C) Individuals within a cultural group are only slightly more similar to each other in their DNA makeup than they are to individuals outside their cultural group.
D) Because individuals move in and out of cultures so frequently, it is difficult to define cultural groups on the basis of anything in particular.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT evidence...

Quiz 13: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

According to the ecological approach, differences in ecology generate differences in , which in turn shapes .

In Triandis's model, the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land are called the culture's

What does it mean for a culture to think holistically?

Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures.

Shalom Schwartz and Lilach Sagiv (1995) identified and as the two basic dimensions that they believe organize universal values.

Rakim argues that a particular culture's distinctive view of reality simply exists and believes that there is no way to meaningfully address the origin of cultural differences. Rakim seems to subscribe to which philosophical tradition?

The example of the abortion debate that illustrates the difference between personal freedoms and group moral responsibility illustrates which inherent cultural distinction?

Which value would MOST likely be associated with a collectivist culture?

Why is relativism considered bad in the context of cross-cultural psychology?

The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to

One reason Europeans were able to colonize and dominate other cultures was that they

Cross-cultural researchers interested in discovering universal values are developing an ________ measure.

Extraversion, openness, and sociosexuality might be lower in countries near the equator because low levels of these traits

Given that around half of the world's population is bilingual, half of the world's population is also likely to

We are MOST likely to commit ethnocentrism when the "real" nature of the situation

Jinny's parents are from China, but she was born and raised in the United States. If Jinny believes that American culture and Chinese culture are in conflict with each other, she is likely to be in .

The idea that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise is called

Individuals from which country would be the LEAST willing to describe themselves in contradictory terms?

Which of the following is NOT evidence for genetic differences as a source of cultural differences?