Question 1

Individuals who are responsible or shy are sometimes said to be experts in these particular traits. A cognitive personality psychologist in this tradition would describe these so-called experts as individuals who
A) are schematic for these attributes.
B) have episodic memories consistent with these traits.
C) have possible selves aligned with these traits.
D) have self-discrepancies related to these traits.

Accepted Answer

Individuals who are considered experts in certain traits, such as being responsible or shy, are described as being schematic for these attributes. This means they have a well-organized set of beliefs and experiences around these traits, making them central to their self-concept.

Question 2

According to the ________ theory of self-esteem, low self-esteem might serve as a warning signal for rejection.
A) detection
B) sociometer
C) threatened egotism
D) rejection sensitivity

Accepted Answer

The sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is a gauge (or sociometer) that measures the quality of our relationships with others and alerts us to the possibility of social rejection. When our self-esteem is low, it may serve as a warning signal that our social bonds are at risk, motivating us to take corrective action to avoid rejection.

Question 3

The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.
A) self-enhancement
B) self-consistency
C) self-justification
D) self-reference

Accepted Answer

The self-reference effect refers to the phenomenon where information related to oneself is more likely to be remembered than information that is not personally relevant. This effect enhances long-term memory retention.

Question 4

Mary has just been in a terrible car accident and has lost all memory of the previous year. According to case study research, Mary's self-view will MOST likely
A) remain intact and unaffected by her memory loss.
B) change significantly after losing her memory.
C) change only in how she interacts with others.
D) appear to be unchanged but will inevitably change when new memories become more salient.

Accepted Answer

Mary's self-view is likely to remain intact because self-concept is deeply ingrained and not solely dependent on recent memories.

Question 5

Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will
A) take far longer to answer than someone who is aschematic for this trait.
B) answer more quickly than someone who is aschematic for this trait.
C) answer at about the same speed as someone who is aschematic for this trait.
D) become emotionally distressed at the question prompts.

Accepted Answer

Sam, being schematic for agreeableness, means he has a well-defined concept of himself in terms of this trait. Therefore, he can access his feelings and thoughts about being friendly, kind, and modest more quickly than someone who is aschematic for agreeableness, who might not consider these traits as central to their self-concept.

Question 6

According to the text, on average, ________ have higher self-esteem than ________.
A) noncollege students; college students
B) men; women
C) adults; children
D) teachers; students

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that, on average, men tend to have higher self-esteem than women. This difference has been observed in various studies across different cultures and age groups.

Question 7

Self-schemas can be useful for acquiring information, but they can also
A) prevent someone from becoming an expert in that relevant domain.
B) limit a person's worldview or boundaries of their self-image.
C) change a person's sense of self if they forget the relevant information about themselves.
D) cause inconsistent behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Self-schemas help organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information, but they can also limit how individuals perceive themselves and the world, potentially restricting their worldview or self-image boundaries.

Question 8

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?
A) The individual will start to report feeling worse.
B) The individual will start to report increased self-esteem.
C) Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem.
D) The individual will become slightly more aggressive.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that for individuals with low self-esteem, repeating positive self-affirmations can lead to feelings of discomfort and may actually make them feel worse, as the affirmations contradict their existing beliefs about themselves.

Question 9

The example given in the textbook on gender differences in self-esteem illustrates which of the following?
A) how improving research practices can influence results
B) how self-identity can change over time
C) how society can sometimes influence your self-worth
D) how easily self-knowledge can be manipulated

Accepted Answer

The example likely demonstrates the impact of societal norms and expectations on individuals' perceptions of their own value or self-esteem, illustrating how external societal factors can shape one's sense of self-worth.

Question 10

Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.
A) a series of self-affirmations to repeat each day
B) harsh criticism to inoculate them against insults
C) unconditional positive feedback
D) opportunities for success

Accepted Answer

Opportunities for success allow individuals to achieve and recognize their own capabilities, which in turn raises self-esteem by fostering a sense of accomplishment and competence.

Question 11

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in
A) self-insight.
B) self-enhancement.
C) sociometry.
D) self-justification.

Accepted Answer

Self-enhancement refers to the tendency of individuals to view themselves more positively than may be objectively warranted. Jack's belief in his own intelligence, despite his friends' opinions, aligns with this concept.

Question 12

According to the text, which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between our self-view and our memories of ourselves?
A) There is no relationship between our memories and our self-view.
B) Our memories are shaped by how others view our personality.
C) Our self-view of our personality exists independently of our memories of specific things we've done.
D) Our self-view of our personality is dependent on our memories of ourselves.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, which of the...

Question 13

Long-term memory is
A) permanent memory storage.
B) limited to procedural knowledge only.
C) limited to an average of seven bits of information.
D) memory storage for around five years.

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory refers to the virtually unlimited capacity storage system in the brain that holds information indefinitely. It is not limited to procedural knowledge, does not have a seven-bit limit (which refers to short-term memory capacity), and is not restricted to a five-year duration.

Question 14

According to the text, what does S data capture?
A) what the self-schema contains
B) other people's imposed impressions
C) procedural knowledge
D) long-term memories

Accepted Answer

S data captures what the self-schema contains, reflecting a person's beliefs and feelings about themselves.

Question 15

In the context of self-knowledge, what is the take home message of the Socrates quote, "know thyself"?
A) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is whether your opinion is good or bad.
B) The most salient of all goals is obtaining high self-esteem.
C) The most salient of all goals is personality continuity.
D) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is the degree to which it is accurate.

Accepted Answer

The quote "know thyself" emphasizes the importance of understanding oneself accurately, rather than focusing on the positivity or continuity of one's self-concept. It suggests that true wisdom comes from a deep and truthful understanding of one's own nature, abilities, and limitations.

Question 16

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to ________ rather than ________.
A) men; each other
B) each other; men
C) their past selves; how they will feel in the future
D) how they will feel in the future; their past selves

Accepted Answer

Women comparing themselves to men rather than each other can contribute to observed gender differences in self-esteem due to societal and cultural expectations and norms that often value different traits and achievements in men and women.

Question 17

Perhaps surprisingly, gender differences in self-esteem are largest in
A) older adults.
B) younger adults.
C) developing nations.
D) the United States and other Western countries.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that gender differences in self-esteem are more pronounced in Western countries, including the United States, due to cultural factors that emphasize individualism and gender roles.

Question 18

Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?
A) S data only
B) B data only
C) S data and I data
D) S data and B data

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?
A)...

Question 19

Self-enhancement occurs when an individual has too ________ self-________.
A) much; esteem
B) little; esteem
C) much; insight
D) little; insight

Accepted Answer

Self-enhancement occurs when an individual has too much self-esteem, leading them to have an inflated view of themselves.

Question 20

What is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?
A) self-determination center
B) I self
C) self-schema
D) self-esteem

Accepted Answer

The declarative self is contained within the self-schema, which is a cognitive structure that organizes an individual's knowledge, beliefs, and experiences about the self.

Quiz 15: The Self: What You Know About You

Individuals who are responsible or shy are sometimes said to be experts in these particular traits. A cognitive personality psychologist in this tradition would describe these so-called experts as individuals who

According to the ________ theory of self-esteem, low self-esteem might serve as a warning signal for rejection.

The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.

Mary has just been in a terrible car accident and has lost all memory of the previous year. According to case study research, Mary's self-view will MOST likely

Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will

According to the text, on average, have higher self-esteem than .

Self-schemas can be useful for acquiring information, but they can also

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

The example given in the textbook on gender differences in self-esteem illustrates which of the following?

Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in

According to the text, which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between our self-view and our memories of ourselves?

Long-term memory is

According to the text, what does S data capture?

In the context of self-knowledge, what is the take home message of the Socrates quote, "know thyself"?

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to rather than .

Perhaps surprisingly, gender differences in self-esteem are largest in

Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?

Self-enhancement occurs when an individual has too self-.

What is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?