Question 1

Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills.Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the _____ stage.

Accepted Answer

The latency stage occurs from approximately age 6 until the onset of puberty, during which children's sexual urges are repressed and they focus on developing social and intellectual skills.

Question 2

Carlos is just starting to learn about the world.According to Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory,which of the following would be among the most important tools he will use to do this?

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory, language plays a crucial role in cognitive development, as it serves as a tool for communication, problem-solving, and internal thought processes. As Carlos learns about the world, he will rely heavily on language to communicate, ask questions, and make sense of his experiences.

Question 3

According to Erikson,a preschooler is in the _____ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the preschooler (ages 3-6) is in the stage of initiative versus guilt. During this stage, children develop a sense of purpose and the ability to initiate activities, but may also develop feelings of guilt if they believe their actions have been wrong or hurtful to others. Trust versus mistrust is the first stage that occurs during infancy, industry versus inferiority occurs during middle childhood, and identity versus identity confusion occurs during adolescence.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is NOT true of a theory?

Accepted Answer

It is not advisable to disregard all other developmental theories when studying a topic as each theory offers unique perspectives and insights. It is important to consider multiple theories and their strengths and weaknesses when trying to understand a phenomenon.

Question 5

Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it?

Accepted Answer

Information-processing theory emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it. This theory focuses on how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved by individuals, and it views the mind as a computer-like system that processes information in a step-by-step manner.

Question 6

The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of _____ results in a healthy sense of independence.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs during early childhood, around the ages of 1 to 3 years old. During this stage, children learn to assert their independence and develop their own sense of self. If caregivers provide appropriate support and allow children to explore their environment, a healthy sense of autonomy and self-confidence can be developed. If caregivers are overprotective or critical, children may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities and become hesitant to explore their world. Therefore, a successful outcome of this stage results in a healthy sense of independence.

Question 7

Which of the following is a central focus of the information-processing approach?

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach focuses on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information, making option B the best choice. Option A is more in line with the sociocultural perspective. Option C refers to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which is its own theory rather than the information-processing approach. Option D aligns with the evolutionary perspective, but not specifically the information-processing approach.

Question 8

Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous?

Accepted Answer

The information-processing theory is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous. The other three theories (Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Freud's theory of personality development, and Piaget's theory of cognitive development) are all stage theories that propose development occurs in discrete stages or phases.

Question 9

At the airport,4-year-old Kelly's mom encourages her to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel.According to Erikson's stage theory,Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's stage theory, initiative vs. guilt is the stage that occurs during early childhood, typically 3-6 years of age. During this stage, children take on new challenges and activities and develop a sense of purpose and initiative. By encouraging Kelly to help with dragging the bags, her mom is fostering her sense of initiative and encouraging her to take on new challenges. Trust (A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, which occurs during infancy. Identity (B) is associated with the fifth stage, which occurs during adolescence. Altruism (D) is not specifically addressed in Erikson's theory.

Question 10

If you believe that development occurs in stages,and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively construct their own view of the world,then you are mostly likely to believe the development theory of

Accepted Answer

Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development which posits that children actively construct their own understanding of the world through a series of stages. This theory emphasizes the role of experience and interaction with the environment in shaping a child's thinking processes.

Question 11

Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the importance of early experiences with parents, particularly during the first few years of life, in shaping a child's development and personality. Sigmund Freud believed that these early experiences and interactions with caregivers had a profound impact on a child's later psychological functioning.

Question 12

Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development,with each stage being qualitatively different from the one preceding.His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory is based on the idea that children move through distinct stages, which is a key aspect of discontinuity in developmental philosophy.

Question 13

Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following stages of human development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes the psychosocial stages of human development, which include the interactions between individuals and their social environment throughout their lifespan.

Question 14

Which theory would provide the BEST support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave?

Accepted Answer

Skinner's behaviorism emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. Incentives and time-outs can be seen as forms of reinforcement and punishment, respectively, and thus Skinner's theory would provide support for their use in behavior modification.

Question 15

Behaviorism argues that we should only study scientifically that which can be _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of empirical observation and measurement of observable behavior, and posits that these can be reliably studied using scientific methods. Therefore, studying only that which can be observed and measured is key to behaviorism.

Question 16

Who among the following is a cognitive theorist?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists focus on how people think, process, and remember information. Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory examines how social interactions and cultural practices influence cognitive development. Freud and Erikson are both known for psychoanalytic theories, which focus more on unconscious psychological conflicts and developmental stages influenced by biology and early experiences.

Question 17

Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day.According to Skinner,the BEST way to solve this problem is to

Accepted Answer

According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory, behavior is shaped through consequences. In this case, disapproval responses can serve as a punishment for biting the hand, while encouragement can serve as a reward for refraining from doing so. Through reinforcement, the behavior may eventually extinguish. A and C are not relevant to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, while B does not address the specific behavior of hand-biting.

Question 18

Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories, as the name suggests, focus on the workings of the psyche or the mind. According to this theory, development depends primarily on the unconscious mind, which includes hidden desires, fears, and traumas that influence behavior and personality. This theory was pioneered by Sigmund Freud, who believed that early childhood experiences and conflicts shape adult behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is A - the unconscious mind.

Question 19

Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved.These crises are

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory suggests that each stage of development presents both increased vulnerability as well as enhanced potentials. These developmental landmarks are not catastrophic events, but rather opportunities for growth and development if the crisis is successfully resolved.

Question 20

While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge,Vygotsky focused on _____ in explaining child cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes social interactions and cultural influences on cognitive development. Therefore, he focused on social interaction in explaining child cognitive development.

Quiz 1: Introduction