Question 1

Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother.Which theory would this observation support?

Accepted Answer

The observation that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother supports the ethological theory, as this theory emphasizes the importance of instinctive behaviors and the genetic basis of behavior. The behavior of baby geese following the first moving object they see after hatching is an instinctive behavior known as imprinting, which is a classic example in ethology.

Question 2

A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts,Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing,and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's development.What theoretical approach is the social worker using?

Accepted Answer

The social worker is using an eclectic theoretical approach, which means using multiple theories and approaches to understand and address a client's needs. In this case, the social worker is applying Skinner's behaviorist theory, Erikson's psychosocial theory, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory to understand and address Brody's needs.

Question 3

Mrs.Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household.The focus of Bandura's early research,sometimes called modeling,suggest that her children will most likely

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's early research on modeling, children are likely to learn and imitate the behavior they see from their parents or other authoritative figures. In this case, if Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline, her children are more likely to learn to hit others in similar situations as a means of resolving conflicts or disciplining others. This can lead to a cycle of violence and aggression.

Question 4

While ethology stresses biological factors in human development,ecological theory emphasizes the role of

Accepted Answer

Ecological theory emphasizes the role of the environment in human development.

Question 5

Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ecological theory has been criticized for paying...

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?

Accepted Answer

The statement "The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting" is incorrect. In fact, the opposite is often true - conducting an observation in a laboratory allows for more control over extraneous variables and standardization of procedures. The other answer choices are all valid reasons for why an observation might be conducted in a natural setting rather than a laboratory.

Question 7

Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?

Accepted Answer

Ethological theory emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development, as it is a branch of science that studies animal behavior in their natural habitat, taking into account their evolutionary history and the adaptive functions of behavior.

Question 8

A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories both emphasize the significant impact of environmental influences on an individual's behavior. Behavioral theories focus on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment, while social cognitive theories add the element of learning through observation and imitation of others in that environment.

Question 9

Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life.According to John Bowlby,what might the consequences of this be?

Accepted Answer

According to John Bowlby, failure to develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in infancy can have long-term negative effects on life-span development. This can include difficulties forming relationships, low self-esteem, and emotional regulation problems. Adoption by age 10 may not erase the effects of early attachment disruption. While temperament can play a role in how an infant responds to attachment disruptions, Bowlby emphasized the importance of the caregiver's responsiveness and sensitivity in fostering healthy attachment. The notion that infants will bond to the first moving object seen after birth is a myth.

Question 10

An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that

Accepted Answer

An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that no single theory can account for all of human development. This means that an eclectic approach combines different theories and approaches to gain a more complete understanding of development. It acknowledges that each theory has its strengths and limitations and that no theory can fully explain all aspects of human development.

Question 11

Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family.Jackie is the only child of liberal parents.When we compare such differences in studying their ecological systems,we are focusing on the difference in

Accepted Answer

The microsystem refers to the immediate environments individuals are directly a part of, such as family, which directly impacts their development. Joe and Jackie's differing family structures and sizes are aspects of their respective microsystems.

Question 12

Shawn's job requires lots of travel,and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child's relations with him.This relationship between Shawn's job and his child's development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, an exosystem refers to external settings that indirectly affect development. In this case, Shawn's job is an example of an exosystem because it is an external setting that is affecting his child's relationship with him.

Question 13

The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is known as imprinting. Imprinting is a type of learning that occurs during a sensitive period in an animal's development, during which the animal becomes attached to the first moving object it sees, typically its mother. This behavior is critical for the survival of many species, as it ensures that offspring stay close to their mother and receive the care they need to survive.

Question 14

A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground.This researcher is conducting a

Accepted Answer

The researcher is conducting naturalistic observation because they are observing the children in their natural environment without any manipulation or intervention.

Question 15

Amy will be having her first child soon.She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding.Her belief is consistent with which theory?

Accepted Answer

Amy's belief aligns with the ethological theory, which emphasizes the importance of innate behaviors and critical periods in the development of attachment and bonding between parents and their infants. The theory suggests that the first moments after birth are critical for establishing this bond, and that physical contact, such as holding the baby, is essential.

Question 16

The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development.Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate?

Accepted Answer

The statement that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development suggests an eclectic approach, which means drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives to fully understand human development. The other answer choices (life-span, psychoanalytic, and social learning) are specific theoretical approaches that may contribute to an eclectic approach, but they do not fully capture the complexity of human development on their own.

Question 17

Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes' assertion that development is contextual?

Accepted Answer

Ecological theory, also known as ecological systems theory, emphasizes the importance of considering the context or environment in which development occurs. This theory suggests that development is influenced by multiple levels of environmental factors, including the microsystem (individual's immediate environment), mesosystem (interactions between different microsystems), exosystem (indirect environment), and macrosystem (societal and cultural factors). Therefore, ecological theory aligns with Baltes' assertion that development is contextual.

Question 18

Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of Bandura's observational learning, as Justine is repeating a phrase she has heard from older students.

Question 19

Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories do not give proper importance to the developmental changes that occur in individuals.

Question 20

Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives.These changes do not affect David directly,but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's

Accepted Answer

The changes in the Medicare system that affect the quality of David's elderly mother's health care are part of the exosystem, which is the external environment that indirectly affects an individual's development. David is not directly involved in the Medicare system, but the changes in it still impact his daily life and indirectly influence his development. Therefore, the best answer is C. The microsystem (A) refers to the immediate environment where an individual interacts directly, such as family and friends. The mesosystem (B) refers to the connections between different parts of the microsystem. The macrosystem (D) refers to the larger cultural context that shapes the values and beliefs of society.

Quiz 1: Introduction