Question 1

Which of the following firsthand facts and circumstances may an officer use to develop probable cause to arrest a suspect?
I. furtive movements by the suspect
II. an attempt by the suspect to destroy evidence
III. evasive answers by the suspect
IV. the suspect resisting the officer

Accepted Answer

Probable cause can be developed from a combination of factors that suggest criminal activity. Furtive movements, attempts to destroy evidence, evasive answers, and resisting an officer can all contribute to establishing probable cause.

Question 2

The majority of arrests:

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has held that arrests based on probable cause are reasonable under the Fourth Amendment even without a warrant. Exceptions to this rule exist for arrests made in the home, which generally require a warrant, and for arrests made pursuant to a traffic stop, which require only probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred or that the vehicle is stolen or contains contraband.

Question 3

Which of the following hardships are characteristic of an arrest?
I. It may last for hours or even days.
II. It produces written documents that become part of a person's record.
III. It can produce fear and anxiety that are an emotional stress on the suspect.
IV. It can interfere with the suspect earning a living.

Accepted Answer

An arrest can last for an extended period, create a record, cause emotional stress, and disrupt the suspect's ability to work.

Question 4

Which of the following types of information do courts refuse to accept alone as sufficient information to establish probable cause to arrest?
I. anonymous tips
II. victim informant's information
III. direct information of officers
IV. citizen informant's information

Accepted Answer

Courts generally refuse to accept anonymous tips alone as sufficient to establish probable cause because they lack reliability and verifiability. Other types of information, such as victim or citizen informant's information and direct information from officers, are typically considered more reliable.

Question 5

In order to be valid, arrest warrants must satisfy certain requirements; these requirements include:
I. a neutral magistrate to determine probable cause to arrest.
II. a sworn statement of facts supporting probable cause.
III. identification of the specific time when the person will be arrested.
IV. specific identification of the person to be arrested.

Accepted Answer

An arrest warrant must be issued by a neutral magistrate (I), be based on a sworn statement of facts supporting probable cause (II), and specifically identify the person to be arrested (IV). The specific time of arrest (III) is not a requirement.

Question 6

In regard to seizures, the Supreme Court in Payton v. New York held that the Fourth Amendment:

Accepted Answer

In Payton v. New York, the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment usually requires a warrant to enter a private home to make a routine felony arrest of a citizen. However, there are exceptions to the warrant requirement such as exigent circumstances or if the suspect consents to the entry.

Question 7

Whether Fourth Amendment seizures are stops or arrests depends on:
I. duration.
II. invasiveness.
III. location.
IV. officer's subjective intent.

Accepted Answer

A seizure is an arrest if it is too long, too invasive, in the wrong place, or if the officer's intent was to arrest the person.

Question 8

Which of the following constitute exigent circumstances that would allow police to enter a home without a warrant to arrest a suspect?
I. reasonable belief the suspect in the home is armed
II. likelihood the suspect would escape if not arrested quickly
III. police are chasing a fleeing felon who enters a home
IV. police have reason to believe the suspect is dangerous to others in the home

Accepted Answer

Exigent circumstances include situations where there is a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed, a likelihood of escape, pursuit of a fleeing felon, or a belief that the suspect poses a danger to others.

Question 9

The case of Payton v. New York (1980) dealt with the authority of police to make arrests at a suspect's home. The United States Supreme Court held that a police officer ordinarily:
I. may enter into a suspect's home under any circumstances to make an arrest with or without a warrant.
II. may enter into a suspect's home without an arrest warrant to make an arrest if the arrest is for a felony.
III. may make an entry into the home of a suspect to make a warrantless arrest if
There is evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the suspect is guilty.
IV. is prohibited from making a warrantless, non-consensual entry into a
Suspect's home to make a routine felony arrest unless exigent circumstances
Excuse the lack of a warrant.

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court in Payton v. New York ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibits police from making a warrantless and non-consensual entry into a suspect's home to make a routine felony arrest, unless exigent circumstances are present.

Question 10

Examples of direct evidence that police can use to build probable cause include:
I. tip from a reliable informant.
II. DNA profile.
III. suspect fleeing an officer.
IV. suspect making furtive movements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Examples of direct evidence that police can...

Question 11

Arrests involve which of the following characteristics?
I. short in duration
II. need probable cause to support them
III. usually involve removal to a police station
IV. are followed by HIV testing

Accepted Answer

Arrests require probable cause (II) and typically involve taking the person to a police station (III). They are not necessarily short in duration (I) and do not automatically involve HIV testing (IV).

Question 12

A study of probable cause determinations by magistrates, conducted by Professor Abraham Goldstein, found that:
I. most magistrates devote very little time to appraising the affidavit's sufficiency.
II. the police often engaged in "magistrate shopping."
III. magistrates never called witnesses other than the police officer seeking the
Warrant.
IV. magistrates often asked officers questions about the information presented in the warrant application and affidavit.

Accepted Answer

Most magistrates devote very little time to appraising the affidavit's sufficiency, the police often engaged in "magistrate shopping," and magistrates never called witnesses other than the police officer seeking the warrant.

Question 13

When an official takes a person into custody and holds him for anywhere between a few hours to a few days to answer for a criminal charge, the official has conducted:

Accepted Answer

The official has conducted a custodial arrest, as they have taken the person into custody and are holding them for a suspected criminal offense. Choices A and B refer to temporary and brief stops, while choice D suggests a longer period of confinement.

Question 14

Probable cause deals with:

Accepted Answer

Probable cause refers to factual and practical considerations of everyday life that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been, is being, or will be committed. It is not based on hunches or exact degrees of probability, nor is there a specified number of facts required for probable cause.

Question 15

Stops differ from arrests in that:
I. they occur in public places.
II. they are shorter in duration.
III. they always lead to a frisk or more invasive search.
IV. they produce written records of the police action.

Accepted Answer

Stops are typically shorter in duration than arrests and often occur in public places, but they do not always lead to a frisk or more invasive search, nor do they necessarily produce written records.

Question 16

In building probable cause, police officers may rely on what they:
I. see.
II. hear.
III. smell.
IV. taste.

Accepted Answer

Police officers can rely on all their senses, including what they see, hear, smell, and taste, to establish probable cause.

Question 17

According to the Supreme Court opinion in Draper v. U.S., involving the warrantless arrest of a suspect for transporting illegal drugs, based on an informant's information:
I. hearsay is not legally competent information and can never be used to determine probable cause.
II. hearsay information alone can always be used to establish probable cause.
III. hearsay information verified by the officer's own observations amounted to
Probable cause to arrest Draper.
IV. hearsay information verified by the officer's own observations amounted to reasonable suspicion to stop Draper but not probable cause to arrest him.

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court in Draper v. U.S. held that hearsay information, when corroborated by the officer's own observations, can establish probable cause for an arrest.

Question 18

According to the Supreme Court in Draper v. U.S., involving a narcotics arrest based on an informant's description of a suspect:

Accepted Answer

In Draper v. U.S., the Supreme Court held that hearsay can be used to determine probable cause as long as the informant's tip is reliable and includes specific details that are verified by police. This decision established the "totality of the circumstances" test for evaluating the reliability of informant tips. The court did not require a warrant or a magistrate's determination of probable cause in this case.

Question 19

In building probable cause, police officers may rely on:
I. direct information
II. hearsay
III. corroborated anonymous tips
IV. tips from informants

Accepted Answer

Police officers can rely on direct information, hearsay, corroborated anonymous tips, and tips from informants to establish probable cause.

Question 20

Probable cause to arrest:
I. requires enough facts to lead a police officer to the reasonable belief that the person arrested has committed a crime.
II. is a subjective standard.
III. involves the subjective belief of the police officer making the arrest.
IV. is an objective standard.

Accepted Answer

Probable cause to arrest requires enough facts to lead a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed (I) and is based on an objective standard (IV), not the subjective belief of the officer.

Quiz 5: Stop and Frisk and Stationhouse Detention

Which of the following firsthand facts and circumstances may an officer use to develop probable cause to arrest a suspect? I. furtive movements by the suspect II. an attempt by the suspect to destroy evidence III. evasive answers by the suspect IV. the suspect resisting the officer

The majority of arrests:

Which of the following types of information do courts refuse to accept alone as sufficient information to establish probable cause to arrest? I. anonymous tips II. victim informant's information III. direct information of officers IV. citizen informant's information

In regard to seizures, the Supreme Court in Payton v. New York held that the Fourth Amendment:

Whether Fourth Amendment seizures are stops or arrests depends on: I. duration. II. invasiveness. III. location. IV. officer's subjective intent.

Examples of direct evidence that police can use to build probable cause include: I. tip from a reliable informant. II. DNA profile. III. suspect fleeing an officer. IV. suspect making furtive movements.

Arrests involve which of the following characteristics? I. short in duration II. need probable cause to support them III. usually involve removal to a police station IV. are followed by HIV testing

When an official takes a person into custody and holds him for anywhere between a few hours to a few days to answer for a criminal charge, the official has conducted:

Probable cause deals with:

Stops differ from arrests in that: I. they occur in public places. II. they are shorter in duration. III. they always lead to a frisk or more invasive search. IV. they produce written records of the police action.

In building probable cause, police officers may rely on what they: I. see. II. hear. III. smell. IV. taste.

According to the Supreme Court in Draper v. U.S., involving a narcotics arrest based on an informant's description of a suspect:

In building probable cause, police officers may rely on: I. direct information II. hearsay III. corroborated anonymous tips IV. tips from informants

Probable cause to arrest: I. requires enough facts to lead a police officer to the reasonable belief that the person arrested has committed a crime. II. is a subjective standard. III. involves the subjective belief of the police officer making the arrest. IV. is an objective standard.