Question 1

Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves repeated observations of the same variables over a long period, leading to potential participant dropout, known as attrition.

Question 2

In a _____________ procedure, both participants and the experimenters do not know which condition is being tested, whereas in a _____________ procedure only the participants are unaware of which condition is being tested.

Accepted Answer

In a double-blind procedure, both participants and experimenters are unaware of the conditions being tested, while in a single-blind procedure, only the participants are unaware.

Question 3

Terman's studies of gifted children have been criticized because

Accepted Answer

Terman's studies have been criticized for not having a representative sample, as his sample was predominantly white, middle-class children, which limits the generalizability of the findings.

Question 4

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects create a potential nonequivalent groups problem because they refer to differences between groups that arise from the specific experiences or characteristics of the cohorts, rather than the variables being studied.

Question 5

Terman's studies of gifted children

Accepted Answer

Terman's studies of gifted children used a longitudinal design, following the same group of children over an extended period to observe their development and outcomes.

Question 6

Compared to a longitudinal study, a cross-sectional study

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study involves observing different subjects at one point in time, which can lead to cohort effects due to differences between groups that are not related to age or time.

Question 7

Sometimes a subject's behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been termed

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed or are part of an experiment.

Question 8

In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A Latin square design ensures that each list appears exactly once in each row and column, resulting in six different orders for the six lists.

Question 9

How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal research?

Accepted Answer

Experimenter bias can occur in animal research if animals in different groups are handled differently, which can inadvertently influence the outcomes of the experiment.

Question 10

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study with three conditions in...

Question 11

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n)_______ effect.

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects refer to differences that are attributable to the unique experiences of a particular age group or generation, rather than to the process of aging itself.

Question 12

Experimenter bias can be reduced by using

Accepted Answer

A double-blind procedure reduces experimenter bias by ensuring that neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo, thus preventing any bias in treatment administration or data interpretation.

Question 13

Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in

Accepted Answer

Within-subjects designs are more prone to demand characteristics because participants are exposed to all conditions, making it easier for them to guess the study's purpose and alter their behavior accordingly.

Question 14

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double-blind procedure will help to reduce

Accepted Answer

Automating procedures minimizes human intervention, reducing both subject and experimenter biases. A double-blind procedure ensures neither participants nor experimenters know who receives the treatment, further reducing these biases.

Question 15

Experimenter bias

Accepted Answer

Experimenter bias can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure, where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment, thus minimizing bias.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children?

Accepted Answer

Terman's study of gifted children was a longitudinal study that followed participants over many years, and it was noted for having a very low attrition rate, meaning that few participants dropped out over time.

Question 17

In a balanced Latin square,

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a balanced Latin square,
...

Question 18

Demand characteristics refer to

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics refer to cues or signals in an experimental setting that inadvertently reveal the hypothesis or expected outcomes to participants, potentially influencing their behavior.

Question 19

When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization insures

Accepted Answer

Block randomization ensures that each condition is tested before any condition is retested by organizing conditions into blocks and randomizing the order within each block.

Question 20

Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal design involves studying the same subjects over time (within-subjects), while cross-sectional design involves studying different subjects at one point in time (between-subjects).

Quiz 6: Methodological Control in Experimental Research