Question 1

The major limitation of correlational information is that it:

Accepted Answer

Correlational information can only show a relationship between variables but cannot determine the cause-and-effect relationship between them. Other factors could be causing the observed correlation, making it difficult to establish a direct causal relationship between variables. Therefore, correlational information should be interpreted and used with caution.

Question 2

Four-year-old Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are fruits. However, one day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia that oranges are also fruits. Which of the following is most likely to occur to Cynthia's scheme of fruits?

Accepted Answer

Cynthia's scheme of fruits will likely be expanded to include both apples and oranges because she has been told that both are fruits. This process is known as accommodation, where new information is incorporated into existing schema or mental models. It is unlikely that she would create an entirely new scheme for oranges or eliminate the concept of apples altogether, as these would not be logical responses to the new information provided. She may also ask questions or seek additional information to further refine her understanding of fruit.

Question 3

According to Erikson, _____ is a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life roles.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that the fifth stage, Identity vs. Role Confusion, occurs during adolescence and involves the experience of an "identity crisis" as individuals explore and solidify their sense of self and make decisions about their future roles in society. Operant conditioning (B) is a theory of learning that focuses on the consequences of behavior, while the latency stage (C) and genital stage (D) are part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, which are not directly related to Erikson's theory.

Question 4

The final stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development is the _____.

Accepted Answer

The genital stage is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, usually occurring from puberty to adulthood. During this stage, individuals experience a renewed interest in sexual desires and seek to fulfill them through healthy adult relationships. This stage is also associated with emotional maturity and the ability to form long-lasting intimate relationships.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of family life during the industrial revolution?

Accepted Answer

During the industrial revolution, family life was primarily defined in terms of the nuclear family unit consisting of a mother, father, and their children. This shift away from extended family units was a result of increased mobility and urbanization, as people moved away from their rural communities and lived in smaller apartments or houses in cities where there was not enough space to accommodate extended family members. Laws did not define family life in terms of specific generations or extended family members. The idea of a single parent raising only one child was not a widespread phenomenon during the industrial revolution.

Question 6

Paul believes that the manner in which people interact with each other and the environment in which they live in are critical to understanding human development. He is most likely studying the _____ on human development.

Accepted Answer

The ecological perspective focuses on the interaction between the individual and their environment, including social and cultural contexts. It takes a holistic view of human development, recognizing that individuals are shaped by and also shape their environment. Therefore, Paul's focus on the interaction between people and their environment aligns with the ecological perspective.

Question 7

Differentiate between John Locke's writing and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings.

Accepted Answer

John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau had differing views on the nature of human beings and their development. While Locke believed that the development of an individual is mainly influenced by their environment and experiences, Rousseau believed that individuals are naturally good and society corrupts them. Rousseau also focused on the expression of natural impulses, while Locke did not emphasize this aspect of development as much. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Question 8

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?

Accepted Answer

Both Freud's and Erikson's theories are types of stage theories, where each stage represents a different aspect of development and has its own unique challenges and conflicts.

Question 9

__________is closely associated with the sociocultural perspective.

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky is closely associated with the sociocultural perspective as his research focused on the ways in which social and cultural contexts shape children's cognitive development. He emphasized the importance of social interactions and cultural tools, such as language and symbols, in fostering children's thinking and learning.

Question 10

Elsa is a nutritionist writing a paper on childhood eating habits today compared with a decade ago. She decides to compare what her niece eats today with what she used to eat as a child. She monitors her intake every day by asking her sister and her niece's teacher in school and compiles data through that. Which method of gathering information does Elsa use?

Accepted Answer

Elsa is using a case study method where she is gathering information about her niece's eating habits and behavior in a naturalistic setting. She is not manipulating any variables, so it is not an experiment. Similarly, she is not asking a large group of people the same set of questions, so it is not a survey.

Question 11

The purpose of the first standardized intelligence test was to:

Accepted Answer

The first standardized intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale, was developed in France in the early 1900s with the purpose of identifying children who were at risk of falling behind in school. The test was meant to help educators provide appropriate educational interventions for children who needed extra support. It was not intended to measure IQ scores for the purpose of determining genius-level abilities or to create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children. The test was also not developed to compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, although unfortunately, it has been misused in this way in the past.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the ego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality, which mediates between the demands of the id (the unconscious, primitive impulses for pleasure) and the demands of the external world, represented by the superego (the internalized moral standards and values of society). The ego's main job is to satisfy the id's desires in ways that are socially appropriate and realistic, considering the limitations of the environment and the consequences of one's actions. Therefore, the ego is responsible for making plans and decisions that balance competing needs and goals, while also following rules and norms to avoid punishment and disapproval. The ego is not biologically based or present at birth, as it develops gradually through interactions with the environment and the acquisition of cognitive and social skills. The ego is not driven solely by the quest for pleasure, although it does seek to maximize pleasure and reduce pain when possible. However, the ego also recognizes the importance of delaying gratification, inhibiting impulses, and adapting to social expectations in order to achieve long-term goals and maintain harmonious relationships.

Question 13

The__________controversy asks which is more important in determining one's developmental outcome: heredity or environmental influences.

Accepted Answer

The nature-nurture controversy specifically addresses the debate between the influence of genetic factors (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture) on developmental outcomes. The other options do not specifically pertain to this debate.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of the superego?

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Which of the following is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice, which is an advantage as it highlights the role of individual agency in shaping their development. It suggests that individuals have the ability to direct their own lives and make choices that can contribute to their growth and well-being.

Question 16

The idea of childhood as a special time of life:

Accepted Answer

The idea of childhood as a special time of life became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible due to urbanization and the rise of the child labor movement. Prior to this time, children were often seen as small adults and expected to work and contribute to the family's income.

Question 17

Which of the following measures is taken up by teachers who follow Piaget's views?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's views, teachers should gear their instructions to advance the child's developmental level. This means that teachers should understand the cognitive abilities of the child and provide appropriate challenges and opportunities for learning that align with the child's developmental stage. Teachers should also help children to challenge their existing ideas, and provide opportunities for exploration and experimentation.

Question 18

Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their__________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their__________.
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Question 19

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development places greater emphasis on _____.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory places greater emphasis on the ego, which is responsible for mediating between the individual's needs and the demands of society. The ego plays a critical role in each of his eight stages of psychosocial development, helping individuals develop a sense of identity, autonomy, purpose, and integrity. While the id and superego are important components of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Erikson's focus on the ego represents a departure from Freud's emphasis on unconscious instinctual drives and conflicts. The concept of latency, which refers to a period of relative calm in a child's psychosexual development, is also part of Freud's theory and not a central component of Erikson's theory.

Question 20

According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, early experiences continue to affect future development. He believed that our development is shaped by a series of psychosocial crises that occur throughout our lifespan, with each crisis building on the one that came before it. The way we handle each crisis is influenced by our previous experiences, and can have lasting effects on our personality and social relationships.

Quiz 1: History, Theories, and Methods