Question 1

Children with _____ are most likely to exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.

Accepted Answer

Children with conduct disorders are characterized by a pattern of aggressive and antisocial behaviors, which may include lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.

Question 2

According to research by Greene et al. in 2013, daughters of employed women:

Accepted Answer

According to the research by Greene et al. in 2013, daughters of employed women tend to have higher goals for themselves. The other options, such as strong delinquent behavior, rigid views of gender role stereotypes, and being less prosocial and more anxious, were not found to be true based on this particular study.

Question 3

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?

Accepted Answer

The stage that focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately is the intimate and mutual sharing stage, according to Robert Selman's theory of children's concepts of friendship. This stage involves a high level of trust, self-disclosure, and emotional support between friends.

Question 4

According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

Accepted Answer

Children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are restrictive but also warm and supportive. Restrictive parenting involves setting clear limits and expectations, which can help children develop a sense of competence and achievement. However, it is important that parents balance this with warmth and support, which can help children feel secure and loved. Authoritarian parenting, on the other hand, is characterized by high levels of control and low levels of warmth, which can lead to poor self-esteem and emotional problems in children. Careless and negligent parenting can also have negative effects on children's self-image, as it can lead to feelings of abandonment and insecurity.

Question 5

In 1980, Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _____ stage, children remain egoistic. Their concept of a friend is one who likes to play with the same things and lives nearby.

Accepted Answer

The stage described in the question is the Momentary Physical Interaction stage. At this stage, children's concept of friendship is based on shared activities and physical proximity rather than emotional closeness or mutual sharing.

Question 6

According to research by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to 12-year-olds:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research by Grusec & Davidov...

Question 7

Ali is in the first grade but he always finds reasons to miss school. Every morning, he complains of severe headaches and throws up his breakfast. He pleads with his mother not to send him to school, away from her. He fears that someone might harm his mother when he is not with her. This scenario illustrates that Ali is suffering from _____.

Accepted Answer

Ali's fear of being away from his mother and his physical symptoms are indicative of separation anxiety disorder. While post-traumatic stress disorder may also cause some similar symptoms, there is no evidence in the scenario provided to suggest that Ali has experienced a traumatic event. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders and do not seem to be relevant to this scenario.

Question 8

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 1:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the five levels of perspective-taking...

Question 9

Ameena is a 14-year-old girl with many friends in school and in the neighborhood. She easily strikes up conversations with peers and is known to be very helpful. Her friends admire and emulate her. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ameena?

Accepted Answer

Ameena is described as having many friends and easily striking up conversations, which indicates that she is popular among her peers.

Question 10

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 2:

Accepted Answer

According to Selman's levels, children in level 2 (ages 7-8) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas. They begin to recognize that others have separate perspectives from their own and can adopt a second-person perspective. However, they may still struggle to see outside of their own point of view in certain situations.

Question 11

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to:

Accepted Answer

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to cling to their parents and follow them around the house, showing reluctance or refusal to be alone or away from caregivers. They may also have nightmares about separation and experience physical symptoms such as headaches or stomachaches when the possibility of separation arises. Choice A is incorrect because children with separation anxiety disorder often have difficulty exploring and being independent. Choice B is incorrect because these children typically feel insecure and anxious when they are separated from their parents. Choice C is incorrect because they typically plead with their parents not to leave or to take them along.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Most children in developed nations come through middle childhood quite well. Research shows that children in developed countries generally experience positive outcomes during middle childhood in areas such as health, education, and social relationships. However, this does not mean that there are not individual or societal challenges that some children may face during this time period.

Question 13

Minnie is six years old. She has frequent nightmares about her mother abandoning her and wakes up with chills. She throws tantrums to avoid school as well. Minnie's behavior best illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Minnie's symptoms of frequent nightmares about her mother leaving her and the tantrums to avoid school are classic symptoms of separation anxiety disorder, which is characterized by excessive and persistent fear or anxiety about separation from home or attachment figures.

Question 14

Which of the following examples illustrates an external attribution style?

Accepted Answer

Maria is making an external attribution by attributing her loss to the challenging competition rather than her own personal abilities.

Question 15

According to research by Rice in 2014 and Hankin in 2015, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed people ''underutilize'' the neurotransmitter _____.

Accepted Answer

Research by Rice in 2014 and Hankin in 2015 suggests that depressed people underutilize the neurotransmitter serotonin. This is why many antidepressant medications target serotonin levels in the brain. Dopamine, adenosine, and epinephrine have not been found to be underutilized in people with depression.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of depressed children?

Accepted Answer

Research has indicated that depressed children have lower levels of serotonin activity in the brain, which plays a role in mood regulation. This suggests that depressed children may underutilize serotonin. While other neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine also play a role in depression, the evidence for underutilization of serotonin is strongest. There is no evidence to suggest that depressed children underutilize progesterone or testosterone.

Question 17

In the context of child development, a similarity between teachers and parents is that both:

Accepted Answer

Both teachers and parents play a role in communicating values and fostering the development of a child. They both have a responsibility to provide guidance and support to help children grow and learn, both academically and socially. While teachers may not have the same level of intimacy with a child as a parent does, they still have an important role to play in the child's life and development. Refraining from setting limits on behavior (answer A) or discouraging empowerment of students (answer D) would not be beneficial for a child's development. While teachers can act as confidants (answer B) to some extent, this is not necessarily a similarity between teachers and parents as parents often have a closer relationship with their child.

Question 18

According to__________, children in the middle years are in the latency stage of development.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, divides human development into five stages based on different erogenous zones and psychological experiences. The fourth stage, which lasts from about age 6 to puberty, is called the latency stage. During this stage, children are said to repress their sexual and aggressive urges and instead focus on developing social and intellectual skills. This aligns with the middle years of childhood, which is typically considered the time between ages 6 and 12.

Question 19

According to research by Graham and Reynolds in 2013,__________techniques involving parent training hold promise for the treatment of conduct disorders.

Accepted Answer

The research by Graham and Reynolds in 2013 found that cognitive-behavioral techniques involving parent training hold promise for the treatment of conduct disorders. This suggests that choice A, cognitive-behavioral, is the best answer. The other options (B, psychoanalytical; C, gender-schema; and D, psychodynamic) were not mentioned in the research and are therefore not supported as potential techniques for the treatment of conduct disorders.

Question 20

According to research by Amato & Anthony in 2014 and Hicks et al. in 2013, the children of divorce are:

Accepted Answer

According to the research by Amato & Anthony in 2014 and Hicks et al. in 2013, the children of divorce are more likely to have conduct disorders. It is important to note that not all children of divorce will have conduct disorders, but they are at a higher risk compared to children from intact families.

Quiz 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development