Question 1

Presynaptic modulation occurs at what type of synapse?
A)axodendritic
B)axoaxonic
C)axosomatic
D)dendrodendritic
E)dendrosomatic

Accepted Answer

Presynaptic modulation occurs at axoaxonic synapses, where the presynaptic neuron modulates the release of neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby neurotransmitters are rapidly removed from the synaptic cleft?
A)active reuptake across the presynaptic membrane
B)binding to the receptor
C)transport back up the axon to be immediately repackaged
D)diffusion out of the cleft
E)degradation by enzymes

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 3

Fast EPSPs are produced at which of the following types of receptor?
A)nicotinic cholinergic only
B)alpha- adrenergic only
C)AMPA receptors only
D)both nicotinic cholinergic and AMPA receptors
E)both nicotinic cholinergic and alpha- adrenergic receptors

Accepted Answer

Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are produced at both nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which are ionotropic receptors found at neuromuscular junctions and in the nervous system, and AMPA receptors, which are a type of glutamate receptor also ionotropic and crucial for fast synaptic transmission in the brain. Alpha-adrenergic receptors, on the other hand, are metabotropic and generally associated with slower postsynaptic responses.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about inhibitory synapses is FALSE?
A)The postsynaptic cell is less likely to generate an action potential.
B)The membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell can be hyperpolarized.
C)In presynaptic inhibition, the lower level potential generated interferes with the oncoming action potential.
D)Opening of chloride channels can generate an IPSP.
E)Opening of potassium channels can generate an IPSP.

Accepted Answer

Presynaptic inhibition involves the reduction of neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron, not interference with the oncoming action potential through lower level potential generation.

Question 5

The opening of a chloride channel acts to the development of an action potential at the axon hillock.
A)enhance
B)inhibit
C)facilitate
D)stimulate
E)further

Accepted Answer

The opening of a chloride channel typically leads to hyperpolarization, making the inside of the neuron more negative and inhibiting the development of an action potential.

Question 6

Neurotransmitters can be reused through the process of , where neurotransmitters are transported back across the presynaptic membrane.
A)resynthesis
B)reuptake
C)regeneration
D)recycling
E)receptor binding

Accepted Answer

Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are transported back into the presynaptic neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft, allowing them to be reused.

Question 7

What enzyme catalyzes breakdown of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft only?
A)monoamine oxidase
B)acetylcholinesterase
C)adenylate cyclase
D)catechol- O- methyltransferase
E)choline acetyl transferase

Accepted Answer

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme that specifically catalyzes the breakdown of catecholamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in the synaptic cleft.

Question 8

Synaptic potentials are produced at what type of synapse?
A)axoaxonic, axodendritic, and axosomatic synapses
B)axoaxonic and axodendritic synapses only
C)axoaxonic and axosomatic synapses only
D)pre- axon hillock synapses only
E)axodendritic synapses only

Accepted Answer

The answer of Synaptic potentials are produced at what type...

Question 9

What happens to the resting membrane potential of - 70 mV when channels for a cation with an equilibrium potential of - 30 mV open?
A)returns to - 70 mV
B)membrane stabilization
C)repolarization
D)hyperpolarization
E)depolarization

Accepted Answer

When channels for a cation with an equilibrium potential of -30 mV open, the membrane potential will move towards -30 mV, causing depolarization from the resting potential of -70 mV.

Question 10

Which of the following neurotransmitters is an amino acid neurotransmitter released at inhibitory synapses?
A)aspartate
B)norepinephrine
C)substance P
D)acetylcholine
E)glycine

Accepted Answer

Glycine is an amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord.

Question 11

If the resting membrane potential is equal to chloride's equilibrium potential, in which direction will chloride ions move if chloride channels open while the cell remains at resting membrane potential?
A)inward
B)outward
C)No ions will move through the channel.
D)Ions will move equally in both directions.
E)Three chloride ions will move out for every two chloride ions that move in.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the resting membrane potential is equal...

Question 12

Synaptic vesicles store
A)sodium.
B)neurotransmitter.
C)potassium.
D)calcium.
E)enzymes that degrade neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters, which are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons.

Question 13

Which of the following couplings between neurotransmitter and neurotransmitter class is INCORRECT?
A)histamine : biogenic amine
B)adenosine : amino acid
C)nitric oxide : gas
D)norepinephrine : catecholamine
E)enkephalin : neuropeptide

Accepted Answer

Adenosine is not an amino acid; it is a nucleoside.

Question 14

The action of adrenergic receptors identifies them as receptors.
A)ionotropic
B)mechanically- gated
C)chemotropic
D)metabotropic
E)voltage- gated

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic receptors are metabotropic because they are G-protein coupled receptors that initiate a signaling cascade inside the cell upon activation by catecholamines like adrenaline.

Question 15

The synthesis of acetylcholine involves an enzyme called , which is present within the axonal cytosol and is responsible for converting into acetylcholine + CoA.
A)acetylcholinesterase : choline
B)choline acetyl transferase : acetyl CoA + choline
C)choline acetyl transferase : acetyl CoA
D)acetylcholinesterase : acetyl CoA + choline
E)choline acetyl transferase : choline + acetate

Accepted Answer

The answer of The synthesis of acetylcholine involves an enzyme...

Question 16

What enzyme catalyzes breakdown of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft and in the mitochondria of the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell?
A)monoamine oxidase
B)choline acetyl transferase
C)adenylate cyclase
D)catechol- O- methyltransferase
E)acetylcholinesterase

Accepted Answer

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft and in the mitochondria of the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell.

Question 17

The duration of a slow, excitatory postsynaptic potential mediated by cAMP is driven by the extent of time that cAMP remains active before being degraded by what protein?
A)G protein
B)protein kinase A
C)adenylate cyclase
D)protein kinase C
E)phosphodiesterase

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiesterase is the enzyme responsible for degrading cAMP, thus determining the duration of its activity in the cell.

Question 18

is an amino acid neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses whereas is an amino acid neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses.
A)Gamma- aminobutyric acid : glutamate
B)Glycine : aspartate
C)Gamma- aminobutyric acid : glycine
D)Glutamate : aspartate
E)Aspartate : glycine

Accepted Answer

The answer of is an amino acid neurotransmitter at excitatory...

Question 19

Figure 8.1
-In Figure 8.1, what is the event in Step 1 that is required to start the process that leads to the release of neurotransmitter from an axon terminal?
A)movement of sodium into the neuron and down the axon
B)movement of calcium down the axon
C)generator potential from the axon hillock
D)migration of newly synthesized neurotransmitter from the soma
E)action potential

Accepted Answer

The release of neurotransmitter from an axon terminal is initiated by an action potential, which travels down the axon and triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels at the terminal.

Question 20

What happens to the resting membrane potential of - 70 mV when potassium channels close?
A)hyperpolarization
B)returns to - 70 mV
C)repolarization
D)membrane stabilization
E)depolarization

Accepted Answer

When potassium channels close, fewer potassium ions can leave the cell, leading to a buildup of positive charge inside the cell, causing depolarization.

Quiz 8: Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

Presynaptic modulation occurs at what type of synapse?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby neurotransmitters are rapidly removed from the synaptic cleft?

Fast EPSPs are produced at which of the following types of receptor?

Which of the following statements about inhibitory synapses is FALSE?

The opening of a chloride channel acts to the development of an action potential at the axon hillock.

Neurotransmitters can be reused through the process of , where neurotransmitters are transported back across the presynaptic membrane.

What enzyme catalyzes breakdown of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft only?

Synaptic potentials are produced at what type of synapse?

What happens to the resting membrane potential of - 70 mV when channels for a cation with an equilibrium potential of - 30 mV open?

Which of the following neurotransmitters is an amino acid neurotransmitter released at inhibitory synapses?

If the resting membrane potential is equal to chloride's equilibrium potential, in which direction will chloride ions move if chloride channels open while the cell remains at resting membrane potential?

Synaptic vesicles store

Which of the following couplings between neurotransmitter and neurotransmitter class is INCORRECT?

The action of adrenergic receptors identifies them as receptors.

The synthesis of acetylcholine involves an enzyme called , which is present within the axonal cytosol and is responsible for converting into acetylcholine + CoA.

What enzyme catalyzes breakdown of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft and in the mitochondria of the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell?

The duration of a slow, excitatory postsynaptic potential mediated by cAMP is driven by the extent of time that cAMP remains active before being degraded by what protein?

is an amino acid neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses whereas is an amino acid neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses.

Figure 8.1 -In Figure 8.1, what is the event in Step 1 that is required to start the process that leads to the release of neurotransmitter from an axon terminal?

What happens to the resting membrane potential of - 70 mV when potassium channels close?