Question 1

The external urethral sphincter is controlled in an involuntary manner by the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The external urethral sphincter is controlled in a voluntary manner by the somatic nervous system.

Question 2

Bowman's capsule consists of the renal corpuscle and glomerulus.

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule is a part of the renal corpuscle, which also includes the glomerulus. The renal corpuscle consists of Bowman's capsule surrounding the glomerulus.

Question 3

The excretion of water and solutes in urine has a significant impact on the volume and composition of fluids in the body.

Accepted Answer

Urine excretion helps regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, and can affect blood pressure, pH levels, and overall fluid homeostasis.

Question 4

In spite of the large volume of fluid that enters the kidneys every day, glomerular filtration rate (GFR)is highly regulated to minimize changes that might alter urine output. Describe the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the maintenance of GFR in the presence of a stimulus that would elevate GFR.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In spite of the large volume of...

Question 5

Explain how diabetes mellitus causes polyuria.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how diabetes mellitus causes polyuria....

Question 6

The connecting tubules join the distal tubule with the collecting ducts.

Accepted Answer

The connecting tubules connect the distal tubule to the collecting ducts in the kidney.

Question 7

The glomerular capillaries are composed of a fenestrated surface that allows protein- free plasma to exit the vasculature.

Accepted Answer

The glomerular capillaries have a fenestrated surface that allows protein-free plasma to exit the vasculature.

Question 8

Glucose is an important component of the blood that is usually completely reabsorbed (there is no glucose in the urine). Outline the process whereby glucose is transported across the tubular epithelial cells, including the concepts of transport maximum and renal threshold.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Glucose is an important component of the...

Question 9

Glomerular filtration rate is controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Describe the extrinsic mechanism with particular emphasis on how it would respond to a hemorrhage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Glomerular filtration rate is controlled by both...

Question 10

The vasa recta are in series with the glomerulus.

Accepted Answer

The vasa recta are a series of capillaries that run parallel to the loop of Henle in the renal medulla, and they are in series with the glomerulus of the nephron.

Question 11

In order for urine to be eliminated, the process of micturition must be initiated. Describe the process whereby urine generated by the kidneys reaches the bladder and how that urine is voided from the bladder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order for urine to be eliminated,...

Question 12

Filtration fraction is calculated as glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of a solute.

Accepted Answer

Filtration fraction is calculated as the ratio of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to the renal plasma flow (RPF), not by multiplying GFR by the plasma concentration of a solute.

Question 13

A decrease in mean arterial pressure will act exclusively in an extrinsic manner to affect glomerular filtration rate.

Accepted Answer

A decrease in mean arterial pressure affects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through both intrinsic (autoregulation mechanisms like myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback) and extrinsic (sympathetic nervous system activation and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) pathways, not exclusively through extrinsic mechanisms.

Question 14

Although some of the mechanisms are the same, the functions of the proximal and distal tubules are quite different. Compare and contrast the structural differences between epithelial cells in the proximal and distal tubes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although some of the mechanisms are the...

Question 15

Ultimately, our ability to assess the function of the kidneys involves measuring what is excreted in urine. Describe the methods used to assess the function of the kidneys (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), including the calculations and ions involved in that assessment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ultimately, our ability to assess the function...

Question 16

The vasculature of the kidneys is quite unique in its organization. This organization has consequences for the control of the renal vasculature. Describe the vasculature of the kidneys, including the consequences of the high resistance of the efferent arteriole.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The vasculature of the kidneys is quite...

Question 17

The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex that can be overridden by voluntary controls.

Accepted Answer

The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex that can be overridden by voluntary controls, such as consciously holding in urine.

Question 18

Glomerular filtration involves the bulk flow of plasma (with all of its solutes)into Bowman's space.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Glomerular filtration involves the bulk flow of...

Question 19

The proximal tubule is connected to the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Accepted Answer

The proximal tubule is connected to the descending limb of the loop of Henle, not the thick ascending limb.

Question 20

In order for a nephron to act as a filter, the plasma must be able to exit the vasculature. Describe the balance of Starling's forces across the glomerular capillaries that drives the movement of plasma and the pathway that plasma takes as it becomes filtrate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order for a nephron to act...

Quiz 18: The Urinary System: Renal Function