Question 1

A design to measure the effectiveness of a test commercial for Sears would be implemented as follows. Two groups of respondents would be recruited on the basis of convenience. Only the experimental group would be exposed to the TV program containing the test (Sears) commercial. Then attitudes toward the department store of both the experimental and control group respondents would be measured. The effectiveness of the test commercial is measured as O₁- O₂. A) pretest- posttest control group B) one- shot case study C) static group D) one- group pretest- posttest

Accepted Answer

The design described is a static group comparison, where one group is exposed to the treatment (test commercial) and the other is not, and then both groups are measured.

Question 2

is a measure of accuracy of an experiment. It measures whether the manipulation of the independent variables, or treatments, actually caused the effects on the dependent variable(s).
A) Extraneous validity
B) Internal validity
C) External validity
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Internal validity measures the extent to which the manipulation of the independent variables, or treatments, actually caused the effects on the dependent variable(s).

Question 3

Which of the following statements is an advantage of statistical designs?
A) The effects of more than one independent variable can be measured.
B) Economical designs can be formulated when each test unit is measured more than once.
C) Specific extraneous variables can be statistically controlled.
D) All of the statements are advantages.

Accepted Answer

Statistical designs offer multiple advantages, including the ability to measure the effects of multiple independent variables, create economical designs by measuring test units multiple times, and control specific extraneous variables statistically.

Question 4

Pretest- posttest control group and Solomon four- group designs are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.
A) preexperimental designs
B) statistical designs
C) true experimental designs
D) quasi- experimental designs

Accepted Answer

True experimental designs, such as the pretest-posttest control group and Solomon four-group designs, involve random assignment of test units to experimental groups and treatments, ensuring high internal validity.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about the Solomon four- group design?
A) The Solomon four- group design explicitly controls for interactive testing effect.
B) The Solomon four- group design is expensive and time consuming to implement.
C) The Solomon four- group design should be used to examine the changes in the attitudes of individual respondents.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is true...

Question 6

$$\begin{array} { l l l l } 
\mathrm { EG } : & \mathrm { R } & \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { O } _ { 1 } \
\mathrm { CG } : & \mathrm { R } & & \mathrm { O } _ { 2 }
\end{array}$$ The true experimental design shown above is a design.
A) one- group pretest- posttest
B) one- shot case study
C) pretest- posttest control group
D) post- test- only control group

Accepted Answer

The answer of \[\begin{array} { l l l l }...

Question 7

refers to an extraneous variable involving changes in the measuring instrument or in the observers or scores themselves.
A) Instrumentation
B) Statistical regression
C) Selection bias
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to changes in the measuring instrument or observers or scores, which may affect the results of the study. This can lead to bias in the data and may impact the validity and reliability of the study. Statistical regression refers to a phenomenon where extreme scores regress towards the mean in subsequent measurements. Selection bias refers to bias introduced when participants are not selected randomly for a study, leading to a non-representative sample. Therefore, the best choice is A, as it directly relates to the extraneous variable involving changes in the measuring instrument or in the observers or scores themselves.

Question 8

means that the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.
A) The absence of other possible causal factors
B) The role of evidence
C) The time order of occurrence of variables
D) Concomitant variation

Accepted Answer

The absence of other possible causal factors means that the factor being investigated should be the only explanation for the observed effect, ruling out other potential causes.

Question 9

Which of the following is a reason why experiments may be hard to administer?
A) It may be impossible to control for the effects of the extraneous variables.
B) Competitors may deliberately contaminate the results of a field experiment.
C) Both A and B are reasons why experiments may be hard to administer.
D) Neither A nor B is a reason why experiments may be hard to administer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a reason...

Question 10

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs, which symbol below represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments?
A) T
B) O
C) R
D) X

Accepted Answer

The letter R represents random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments in experimental designs. Choice A (T) represents a treatment, choice B (O) represents an observation or measurement, and choice D (X) represents an intervention or stimulus.

Question 11

refers to an effect in which a prior measurement affects the test unit's response to the independent variable.
A) Mortality
B) Interactive testing effect
C) Maturation
D) Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

The interactive testing effect refers to the phenomenon where the administration of a pretest can alter responses on subsequent testing. This effect is caused by the previous testing serving as a form of priming or practice for the subject, influencing their responses to future tests.

Question 12

result when the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments to test units but can still apply part of the apparatus of true experimentation.
A) Quasi- experimental designs
B) Preexperimental designs
C) True experimental designs
D) Statistical designs

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs are used when full control over the scheduling or allocation of treatments is not possible, but some elements of true experimentation can still be applied.

Question 13

Which of the following is an ethical concern associated with doing experiments?
A) ensuring that the appropriate experimental design for the problem was used
B) how to find respondents for the experiment
C) how to disguise the purpose of the research in a manner that does not violate the rights of the respondents
D) Both A and C are correct.

Accepted Answer

Both A and C are ethical concerns associated with doing experiments. Ensuring that the appropriate experimental design for the problem was used is important to ensure that the results of the experiment are valid. Disguising the purpose of the research in a manner that does not violate the rights of the respondents is important to protect the privacy of the respondents and to ensure that they are not coerced into participating in the experiment.

Question 14

is a statistical experimental design that is used to measure the effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables.
A) Factorial design
B) Solomon four- group design
C) Latin square design
D) Randomized block design

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is used to study the effects of two or more independent variables and their interactions at various levels.

Question 15

Which statement is not true concerning a standard test market?
A) One or more combinations of marketing mix variables (product, price, distribution, and promotional levels) are employed.
B) Competitors often take actions such as increasing their promotional efforts to contaminate the test marketing program.
C) While a firm's test marketing is in progress, competitors have an opportunity to beat it to the national market.
D) All statements are correct.

Accepted Answer

All the statements provided are correct concerning a standard test market.

Question 16

is the extent to which a cause, X, and an effect, Y, occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.
A) The time order of occurrence of variables
B) Concomitant variation
C) The elimination of other possible factors
D) The role of evidence

Accepted Answer

Concomitant variation refers to the extent to which a cause, X, and an effect, Y, occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

Question 17

Which statement is not true about why it is difficult to conduct field experiments in the international arena?
A) The lack of major supermarkets in the Baltic states makes it difficult to conduct field experiments to determine the effect of in- store promotions on the sales of products.
B) Even when basic infrastructures such as roads, transportation, and warehouse facilities are adequate, they do not help in achieving desired levels of distribution.
C) Even when experiments are designed, it is difficult to control for the time order of occurrence of variables and the absence of other possible causal factors, two of the necessary conditions for causality.
D) In many countries, the TV stations are owned and operated by the government with severe restrictions on television advertising. This makes field experiments manipulating advertising levels extremely difficult.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is not true about why...

Question 18

is a determination of whether the cause- and- effect relationships found in the experiment can be generalized. Can the results be generalized beyond the experimental situation and if so, to what populations, settings, times, independent variables and dependent variables can the results be projected?
A) Extraneous validity
B) Internal validity
C) External validity
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other situations, populations, and times.

Question 19

allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.
A) True experimental designs
B) Preexperimental designs
C) Quasi- experimental designs
D) Statistical designs

Accepted Answer

Statistical designs are specifically used to control and analyze the effects of external variables, allowing researchers to isolate the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 20

refers to an effect of testing occurring when a prior observation affects a latter observation.
A) Mortality
B) Interactive testing effect
C) Maturation
D) Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of refers to an effect of testing occurring...

Quiz 7: Causal Research Design

is a measure of accuracy of an experiment. It measures whether the manipulation of the independent variables, or treatments, actually caused the effects on the dependent variable(s) .

Which of the following statements is an advantage of statistical designs?

Pretest- posttest control group and Solomon four- group designs are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

Which of the following statements is true about the Solomon four- group design?

$\begin{array} { l l l l } \mathrm { EG } : & \mathrm { R } & \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { O } _ { 1 } \\\mathrm { CG } : & \mathrm { R } & & \mathrm { O } _ { 2 }\end{array}$ The true experimental design shown above is a design.

refers to an extraneous variable involving changes in the measuring instrument or in the observers or scores themselves.

means that the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.

Which of the following is a reason why experiments may be hard to administer?

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs, which symbol below represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments?

refers to an effect in which a prior measurement affects the test unit's response to the independent variable.

result when the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments to test units but can still apply part of the apparatus of true experimentation.

Which of the following is an ethical concern associated with doing experiments?

is a statistical experimental design that is used to measure the effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables.

Which statement is not true concerning a standard test market?

is the extent to which a cause, X, and an effect, Y, occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

Which statement is not true about why it is difficult to conduct field experiments in the international arena?

is a determination of whether the cause- and- effect relationships found in the experiment can be generalized. Can the results be generalized beyond the experimental situation and if so, to what populations, settings, times, independent variables and dependent variables can the results be projected?

allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

refers to an effect of testing occurring when a prior observation affects a latter observation.