Question 1

The overall behavioural index, which is derived from measuring several specific behaviours, is:

Accepted Answer

The overall behavioural index derived from measuring several specific behaviours is referred to as the concept of the multiple-act criterion. This concept suggests that a more reliable and valid assessment of a behavior can be achieved by aggregating multiple instances or measures of that behavior, rather than relying on a single act or measurement.

Question 2

In the theory of reasoned action, a subjective norm is:

Accepted Answer

A subjective norm in the theory of reasoned action refers to an individual's perception of social pressure to perform or not perform a particular behavior. It is essentially about what we believe others think we should do, hence, it is a product of what we think others believe.

Question 3

Azjen and Fishbein believed that behaviour could be better predicted if the measures of attitudes are:

Accepted Answer

Azjen and Fishbein argued that attitudes are better predictors of behavior when they are specific, as this allows for a more direct correspondence between the attitude and the behavior being predicted.

Question 4

According to the theory of reasoned action, the best way of predicting what a person will do is to:

Accepted Answer

The theory of reasoned action suggests that the best predictor of a person's behavior is their intention to perform that behavior, which is influenced by their attitude towards the behavior and subjective norms.

Question 5

Kerry likes driving cars very fast. According to protection motivation theory, whether he decides to slow down depends on:

Accepted Answer

According to protection motivation theory, an individual's decision to engage in a protective behavior, such as slowing down while driving, depends on their evaluation of the perceived risk (e.g., the risk of an accident) against their perceived ability to cope with or mitigate that risk (e.g., their capacity to tolerate driving at a slower speed).

Question 6

Behaviour is to attitude as ________ is/are to ________.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is an action that stems from the attitude of prejudice, similar to how behavior is an outward expression of an attitude.

Question 7

Ian is a loyal fan of an Olympic champion who is also called Ian. Although he is small, Ian joins the school's swimming squad, determined to become another big 'Ian' in swimming history. According to the theory of planned behaviour, a crucial element in predicting success from Ian's new sporting attitude will be:

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behavior suggests that an individual's belief in their ability to perform a behavior (in this case, adhering to a training schedule) is a crucial predictor of their success in adopting new behaviors or attitudes. This belief is known as perceived behavioral control.

Question 8

In studying attitudes and alcohol consumption, Gregson and Stacey (1981) found that:

Accepted Answer

Gregson and Stacey (1981) found only a small positive correlation between attitudes and alcohol consumption, indicating that attitudes were not strong predictors of alcohol consumption behavior.

Question 9

Knowing what we now know from the theory of reasoned action, LaPiere's (1934) study of attitudes towards Chinese was:

Accepted Answer

LaPiere's study is a classic example of the discrepancy between general attitudes and specific behaviors. It showed that despite expressing negative attitudes towards Chinese people, many establishments still served a Chinese couple, highlighting the failure of general attitudes to predict specific behaviors accurately.

Question 10

The theory of planned behaviour extended the theory of reasoned action by:

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behaviour extended the theory of reasoned action by adding the variable of perceived behavioural control, which accounts for the influence of external factors on an individual's ability to perform a specific behaviour.

Question 11

In a classic study of predicting discriminatory behaviour based on prejudiced attitudes, LaPiere (1934) found that:

Accepted Answer

LaPiere's study is notable for finding that although there was a generalized prejudice towards Chinese people at the time, this did not translate into discriminatory behavior against LaPiere's Chinese travel companions, who were treated well during their travels. This highlighted a discrepancy between attitudes and actual behavior.

Question 12

The correspondence between attitudes and behaviour varies according to:

Accepted Answer

The correspondence between attitudes and behavior is influenced by various factors including the strength of the person's identification with the group in question, the extent to which the attitude is accessible, and whether the attitude is expressed in private or public settings.

Question 13

The theory of planned behaviour is unique for including the idea that an attitude can be linked more reliably to behaviour if the attitude measure includes the element of perceived behavioural control. Perceived behavioural control is based on:

Accepted Answer

Perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior refers to an individual's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest, which is influenced by beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede the performance of the behavior. This includes beliefs about resources and opportunities available to an individual that can help or hinder the execution of the behavior.

Question 14

The idea that people try to achieve a balance between perceived threat of illness and their capacity to cope with a health program is a key to:

Accepted Answer

Protection motivation theory suggests that people protect themselves based on their perceived severity of a threat, their perceived vulnerability to the threat, the perceived benefits of preventive action, and their perceived self-efficacy to undertake the preventive action. This theory specifically addresses the balance between the perceived threat of illness and the individual's belief in their ability to cope with or mitigate the threat through a health program.

Question 15

In the theory of reasoned action, a person's behaviour is best predicted by:

Accepted Answer

The theory of reasoned action posits that a person's intentions to act are the best predictors of their actual behavior, as intentions are influenced by attitudes towards the behavior and subjective norms.

Question 16

Fishbein and Azjen (1975) argued that we can predict behaviour from more general attitudes only if we adopt a:

Accepted Answer

Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) argued that predicting behavior from general attitudes is more accurate when using a multiple-act criterion, which involves considering a range of related behaviors rather than focusing on a single act. This approach acknowledges the complexity of human behavior and the influence of various factors on an individual's actions.

Question 17

Bart is sexually active but not in a long-term relationship. Will he practice safe sex? The theory of reasoned action predicts 'yes' if Bart:

Accepted Answer

The theory of reasoned action suggests that an individual's behavior is determined by their intention to perform the behavior, which is influenced by their attitude towards the behavior (A), their subjective norms (what they think others believe they should do, C), and their perceived behavioral control. Saying they will perform the behavior (B) reflects their intention to engage in it. Thus, all of these factors combined (D) would predict Bart practicing safe sex according to the theory.

Question 18

Karen is determined to do really well in her exams. So, to be 'sensible' she gets on a program to moderate her social life. However, cutting down on attending parties is easier to do than minimising visits by friends who 'just drop in'. Knowing that she can at least control one aspect of her program is a feature of the theory of:

Accepted Answer

Karen's actions align with the theory of planned behavior, which suggests that individuals can control their behavior through planning, even if not all aspects of their situation are controllable. This theory emphasizes the role of intention in guiding behavior, which is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—Karen's decision to moderate her social life and her efforts to control what she can (attending parties) exemplify this.

Question 19

According to Floyd, Prentice-Dunn & Rogers (2000), what do protection motivation theory, the theory of planned behaviour, and the theory of reasoned action have in common?

Accepted Answer

These theories share the concept that motivation to protect oneself arises from recognizing a threat and wanting to avoid negative consequences.

Question 20

According to Fishbein (1971), in order to be able to predict a person's behaviour it is crucial to measure:

Accepted Answer

Fishbein's model suggests that to predict a person's behavior accurately, it's essential to understand the strength and value of their beliefs related to that behavior.

Quiz 5: Attitudes